Types, forms and examples of verbs

Verbs are contained in most Russian sentences. This is a kind of message about the actions of the subject of speech. AN Tolstoy argued that the correct choice of a verb is to give it a movement.

It is not by chance that our ancestors called the verb "verb" in principle, it is also interpreted in the dictionary of V. Dal. Examples of verbs, their use, the change will be discussed in this article.

A verb as part of a speech

Part of the speech, indicating the action and answering the questions "what to do?", "What to do?" - this is the verb. Relating to independent parts of speech, it is determined by a common grammatical meaning. For a verb, this action. However, this part of speech is distinguished by shades of meaning.

1. Any physical work: cutting, hacking, knitting.
2. Intellectual or speech work: observe, talk, think.
3. Moving an object in space: fly, run, sit.
4. Condition of the subject: hate, hurt, sleep.
5. The state of nature: it's colder, it's frozen, it's getting dark.

Morphological and syntactic features

As for morphological features, these are all possible forms of the verb. Examples will be discussed in more detail later, but for now we simply list them. Inclination, face, time, number, recurrence, gender, appearance and conjugation.

As far as the syntactic role is concerned, most often the verb is used as a predicate, and together with the subject it forms a predicative or grammatical basis. The verb in the sentence can be propagated. This function is performed by a noun or an adverb.

Infinitive

Each verb has an initial form, it is called an infinitive. Questions we ask the following: "what to do?", "What to do?". Examples of indefinite verbs: to teach, to draw (what to do?), To learn, to draw (what to do?).

This form of the verb is immutable, it does not determine the time, face and number - purely action. Let's compare two examples: "I work on a specialty" - "To work for a person is necessary for life". In the first example, the verb indicates that the action takes place in the present tense, and the speaker himself performs it (the personal pronoun "I" indicates 1 person, unit of hour). In the second, the action is indicated in principle, without indicating the number and person.

Between linguistic scholars there is still debate about what is the -at (-th) of the infinitive: the suffix or the ending. We agree in this article with those who position it as inflexion. If the verb ends in -ch (flow, oven, burn), then this is definitely part of the root. It should be borne in mind that when changing a word, alternation can occur: a furnace-pitch; Leak-flowing; Burn.

Infinitive can act both in the role of the predicate, and in the role of subject: "Read - a lot to know." Here the first verb "to read" is the subject, the second, "to know" is the predicate. By the way, such cases require the production of a special punctuation mark - a dash.

Types of the verb

The type of the verb is determined by the question to which it answers. In Russian there are imperfect (what to do? What does? What did?) And perfect (what to do? What will it do?) What kinds of verbs. Examples: speak, speak, speak - imperfect; Say, say, said - perfect. Types of the verb differ semantic meaning. Thus, the imperfect designates a certain duration of action, its repeatability. For example: write - write. The action has duration, extent. Compare with the meaning of the verb of the perfect kind: write - write - wrote. It indicates that the action is completed, it has some result. These same verbs define a single action (shoot).

Shape of inclination

Verbs and moods also change. There are only three of them: conditional (subjunctive), indicative and imperative.

If we talk about the indicative mood, then it allows the predicate to have the form of time, persons and numbers. Examples of verbs of this inclination: "We make this craft" (present) - "We will produce this craft" (future time) - "We made this craft" (past tense). Or by persons: "I made this craft" (1 person) - "You made this craft" (2 persons) - "Anya made this craft" (3 persons).

The verbs of the subjunctive mood are indicated for the performance of the action under certain conditions. This form is formed by adding to the past time the particle "would" ("b"), which is always spelled separately. Such predicates vary in persons and numbers. The time category is not defined. Examples of verbs: "We would solve this problem with the help of a teacher" (plural, 1 person) - "I would make this craft with the help of a teacher" (unit, 1 person) - "Anya would make this craft with The teacher's help "(unit, 3 persons) -" The guys would make this craft with the help of a teacher "(plural, 3 persons).

The speaker urges to any action with the help of the verb of imperative mood. To prohibit an action, imperative verbs are also used. Examples: "Do not shout at me!" (Prohibition) - "Wash your hands before eating!" (Motivation) - "Please write a letter" (request). Let's take a closer look at the last example. To give a polite tone to your petition, to the verb of imperative mood it is necessary to add the word "please" ("be kind," "be nice").

It should be remembered that imperative verbs end in a soft sign, and it persists for those that end in -y and -t. In this rule there is an exception - the verb "to lie down" (liete - prilyag - prilyagte).

Time category

The main forms of the verb tense are those that indicate the time of the action: the past (called), the present (call), the future (will be ringing).

The past time implies that by the time of speaking the action has already been completed. For example: "I bought this dress last year." Usually such verbs are formed with the suffix -l- added to the infinitive basis: buy-bought. These predicates change in numbers, and in units. Number - and by birth. The shape of the face is not determined.

The form of the present time is characteristic only of the imperfect species. To form it, you need to add a personal ending to the verbs. Examples: washing - washing - washing - washing - washing.

The form of the future tense can have verbs of both kinds, perfect and imperfect. It can be of two types: simple and complex. The first is characteristic for verbs of the perfect kind: I build, paste, file, etc. The future of the complex is formed by imperfective verbs. Compare: I will build, I will glue, I will cut. Thus, this form is formed with the help of the verb "to be", put into the future simple, and the infinitive.

Verbs have a face and a number in the present and future times. About them and we'll talk below.

Face and number

If the verb is in the first person, it shows that the action is made by the speaker himself. For example: "I get tempered every day, dripping with cold water and wiping myself with snow."

The second person of the verb tells us that the action is being performed by the speaker's interlocutor. For example: "You know perfectly well how many will be twice two." Verbs in the same form can have a generalized meaning, denote actions characteristic of any person. Most often it can be found in proverbs: "You can not throw a handkerchief on someone else's mouth." To distinguish such proposals is simple: in them, as a rule, there is no subject.

Verbs in the third person express the action that produces or produces the object of speaking. "Lermontov was alone all his life." "The hurricane was so strong that centenary trees bent like twigs."

For each person in the singular or plural , a definite ending of the verbs is characteristic. Examples: "I'm flying" - "We're flying" - "You're flying" - "You're flying" - "She (he, she) is flying" - "They're flying."

Conjugation and personal endings of the verb

Conjugation of the verb is a form that implies its change in persons and numbers. It is not characteristic of all predicates, but only of those who stand in the indicative mood, present or future tense. There are two conjugations. Imagine them in the table.

Impersonal verbs

Personal verbs, examples of which we have analyzed above, are not the only ones in Russian. They are opposed by those who designate an action without an actor. They are called impersonal. With them, there is never a subject, in the sentence they serve as a predicate. Such verbs do not have a category of numbers. That is, they have a purely time, present and future. For example: "It's cold" (current time) - "It will freeze even more at night" (future), "It got colder, it froze even more at night" (past).