What is the vague form of the verb? Verbs-infinitives in Russian

The morphology of the Russian language is multifaceted and interesting. She studies the features of parts of speech, their constant and variable signs. Verb-infinitives are considered in detail in the article.

Infinitive

Not everyone knows what an infinitive is. This verb is in its original form. He represents the verb in dictionaries. For example, in an explanatory dictionary there is no verb, as it is a personal form, the dictionary entry is devoted to the same verb, but in the initial form - to meet . You can put a verb in this form by asking the question what to do? Or what to do ?: you meet - what to do? Meet, draw - what to do? Draw, call back - what to do? Call back . The infinitive differs from other verbal forms not only by a question. The suffixes of infinitives (the verb in the initial form) are special: -t, -ti, -ch. Therefore, the word being analyzed is an infinitive if there are such morphemes in the verb.

The verb and its undefined form

Particularly keen on studying the Russian language of pupils and students, the question of why an infinitive is called an indefinite form of the verb is of concern. First, the word "infinitive" itself goes back to the Latin word, which is translated as "indeterminate". Secondly, the infinitive form does not determine the form of the verb, more precisely, its personal form, the form of time, mood, gender, number, and so on. On the infinitive constant signs of the verb are determined, such as appearance, conjugation, recurrence and transitivity. They will be discussed below.

Immutable signs of the verb

When performing a morphological analysis of a verb, it is required to indicate its characteristics. Permanent signs are indicated by the indefinite form of the verb.

Type - a partial category that reflects the relation of the action to its internal limit: it is / is happening. Verbs-infinitives, answering the question what to do? Have a perfect appearance: say, cook, go . Verbs in the initial form, answering the question what to do? Have an imperfect look: to talk, cook, go . Select species pairs, that is words with the same meaning, but of different kinds: solve - decide, say - speak, sew - sew, bake - bake.

Conjugation of the verb is traditionally determined by the initial form. The 2 conjugations are those that end in -it (except shaving, laying, resting ), and keep the verbs , drive, see, look, hear, breathe, hate, tolerate, offend, twirl, depend ; To the first - all other verbs. The conjugation of not all verbs can be determined by the infinitive. A class of multi-conjugated verbs is distinguished, which, when changing, combine the endings of 1 and 2 conjugations. It's words to give, to eat, to run, to want .

Transitivity is the next permanent sign. Verbs-infinitives that are able to control a noun in the accusative case are called transitional ones, and those that can not, are intransitive. For example, sew (what?) A button, record (what?) A film, draw (whom?) A child - transitional; To be surprised, to call, to shoot are not used with accusative, that is intransitive.

Return words are those verbs that have postfix-ya: build, wash, make a reservation. Irrevocable - those who do not have this affix.

The question of morpheme is

Indicators of the initial form of the verb - morphemes -t, -ti, -ch - cause discussions of linguists. Many define them as endings, referring to their ability to change: say - said, point - pointed . However, the infinitive is considered to be an unchangeable form, therefore it should not end. More and more common is the version that the morphemes denoting the infinitive are inflexible suffixes.

Non-verbal form of the verb

Infinitives belong to non-personal forms of the verb. This is due to the fact that it is an immutable form in which the person, gender, number is not determined. Infinitives do not have nouns in the nominative case, unlike personal forms. They only call action without its relation to the person. The infinitive is also not related to the category of time that is defined in personal forms. The inclination of them is also not determinable. That is, the infinitive is irrational, it is out of time, it only calls action. Some learners are asked about the dependence of the infinitive on the verb. The infinitive is, in other words, the verb in its initial form.

In Russian grammar, other non-linear forms are also singled out: communion and the gospel. They, like the infinitive, do not change by face. The gerundive is such an immutable form of the verb that combines the signs of the adverb and the verb and answers the question what is done? What are you doing? : After reading, publishing, pointing, singing . Communion is such a form of the verb that it denotes a sign by action, combines the signs of the name of the adjective and the verb, answers the questions of the names of adjectives: which? Surrounded, acting, looking, forgotten .

The role of the infinitive in the sentence

The peculiarity of the indefinite form of the verb is that it can fulfill the role of any member in the sentence. Quite often it is the subject of the verb-infinitive in the Russian language. Examples: In all the search for truth was its end in itself. To appreciate the work of others is worthy. Talking with him is useless . Denoting the action, the infinitive plays the role of the predicate: You can not see rest! He does not understand. She did not recognize . Often he enters the compound verbal predicate, following the auxiliary verb: The family wanted to stay here for a month. Lena started working immediately after her appointment. He stopped joking after receiving a comment .

The secondary members of a sentence can also be expressed by an undefined verb form. So, the infinitive serves as a complement to the sentences: The captain ordered to advance. They agreed to meet. She quickly got used to work. The definition can be expressed by an infinitive: She had a desire to change the world for the better. He took the opportunity to retire. Hope to leave by morning calmed them. The circumstances represented by the initial form of the verb: Vera was going to go to the sea. Volunteers stopped at the lake to feed the birds. Children come to her from all over the city.

Infinitives in folklore and fiction

Infinitives have long been used by the people in oral folk art, more precisely in proverbs. The undefined form of the verb in them is necessary to create a generalization of the content: Less promise, less sin. Thief to indulge - most to steal. It is not difficult to accomplish, but difficult to think of . Verbs-infinitives are widely used in fiction. Examples: "I will manage to live by the hemp dense - I will manage to live it", "I called you to find out," "You give me first to come," and "no one cares about his concerns, and so - just talk" (Shukshin V .M. "Stoves-benches"); "Nobody wants to change ... the balance, " "the habit of grinning in this way ... slightly pulled aside the lower part of his ... face, " you could ask not to sprinkle it with crushed peanuts " (Iskander FA" Summer Day ").