The structure of the tree: a diagram. Features of the external structure of the tree

Trees are complex organisms that use the energy of the sun, inhibit the process of global warming and help maintain the balance of the ecosystem. The external structure of the tree includes such basic parts as leaves, flowers and fruits, trunk, branches and roots.

Features of the external structure of the tree: the crown

The crown, which consists of leaves and branches at the top of the tree, plays an important role in filtering dust and other particles from the air. It also helps to cool the air, providing a shadow and reducing the impact of rain drops on the soil. The leaves are responsible for feeding the whole tree.

They contain chlorophyll, which promotes photosynthesis and stains them in green. The leaves use the energy of the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water from the atmosphere into glucose and oxygen. Sugar, which is the food of trees, is used or stored in branches, trunk and roots. Oxygen is released into the atmosphere. Crowns of trees come in different shapes and sizes.

Barrel and branches

The trunk and branches, as well as the covering of their cortex, consist of many types of cells that perform many different functions. Some serve to impart strength and stability, others are engaged in the transport of liquids, some are responsible for storing starch and other nutrients.

Bark

The structure of the tree includes such an important element as the bark. It consists mainly of two zones:

1. The inner crust (bast) actively participates in the life of the tree. Its tubular cells form a kind of water pipe through which nutrients dissolved in water spread to other parts of the tree from leaves and buds where they were reproduced by photosynthesis.
2. The outer crust consists mainly of dead cells. It is covered with cracks. This is a kind of protective shell against insects, animals, cold, heat and other external factors.

Tree Growth

The structure of the tree implies the presence of three meristematic zones, that is, cells that can divide and multiply. Two of them are located on roots and buds on the tips of branches, which allows the tree to grow in length. The third zone is between the bark and the tree, it is called a vascular cambium. His cells are divided both inside and out, that is, in all directions. Thus, inside the already existing, a new inner layer of the cortex is formed. Cambium is one of the most important conditions for the growth of trees, their recovery in trauma and protection against decay.

Root system

Anatomical features of the external structure of the tree include the absence of a core in the root system, an increased amount of parenchyma, or the so-called living cells. The roots also have a small number of fibers and a smaller number of growth rings than in the trunk and branches. The underground structure of the tree (the root system) has an important functional significance. The roots are adapted to absorb and retain water and minerals in poor light conditions. They also require considerable oxygen, which they extract from a small space between the soil particles.

Another important function of the root system is to maintain the plant in an upright position. All trees have lateral roots, which branch into smaller ones and, as a rule, extend in the horizontal plane. Some trees have a core root, which reaches 7 meters. Each root is covered with thousands of hairs, which allows it to more easily absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. Most of the root system is in the upper soil layer.

Core

During growth, the old xylem cells in the center of the tree become inactive and inactive, and finally die, forming rings filled with glucose, dyes and oil, so the core is usually darker than the rest of the trunk. Its main function is to support the tree. Xylem consists of young layers of wood, through which water and nutrients are transported from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the tree. Cambium is a thin layer of tissue, which in the process of growth produces new cells that become either xylem or phloem. In other words, this is what increases the trunk and branches in diameter.

Parts of wood for children

The structure of a tree for children is best explained with the use of visual material. To help kids with a certain type of vegetation can help a variety of pictures, coloring, illustration. You can use logic tasks, exercises to compose pictures, and so on. The main thing is not to overdo it and overload the child with unnecessary details. To start better with one image, gradually adding and complicating other drawings, more detailed. To consolidate the studied it is necessary in an interesting form, using riddles, rhymes and entertaining stories. When you explain to the kids the structure of the tree, the scheme and definitions should be as simple and straightforward as possible. For example, a root is a part of a tree that remains underground. The trunk supports the crown and the branches on which the leaves grow. The bark protects the tree from heat, cold, loss of moisture and damage and so on.
Trees are an important part of our world. They give wood for construction and pulp for making paper. They provide a habitat for all types of insects, birds and other animals. Many types of fruits and nuts grow on trees, including apples, oranges, walnuts, pears and peaches. Even the juice of trees is useful and serves as food for insects and not only. Trees also help keep the air clean, and the ecosystem healthy. We inhale oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. The trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Just perfect partnership! The structure of the tree (the photo is presented in the article) includes a certain number of constituent parts, each of which plays an important role in the vital activity of the whole plant.