Molecule of hydrogen: diameter, formula, structure. What is the mass of the hydrogen molecule?

In the periodic table of Mendeleev number 1 is the most common element in the universe - hydrogen. Its distribution, in percentage terms, is close to 75%. The lowest content was observed in the atmospheric layers - 0.0001%. The Earth's crust contains 1% of gas by mass. The greatest amount is observed in water: 12%. On our planet this is the third chemical element in the spread.

Item Description

A hydrogen molecule, the formula of which is H-H or H2, is endowed with physical and chemical properties.

Hydrogen is a gas that is not endowed with color or smell. The location of hydrogen in the table at the 1 place is due to the fact that under different conditions this element can manifest itself as a metal or as a gas. On its outer orbitals there is one electron, which hydrogen can give (metallic properties) or take another (gas quality).

The diameter of the hydrogen molecule is 27 nm.

The diameter of the hydrogen atom is 1A, the radius is 0, 41 A.

Properties

The physical include the following:

1. The boiling point is 256 ^° C.
2. The melting point is -259.2 ° C.
3. Weight by air (D) - 0.069.
4. Hydrogen is poorly soluble in water.

Chemical properties are as follows:

1. The non-polar bond between the particles of the molecule has an energy of 436 kJ / mol.
2. The temperature of thermal dissociation is 2000 ^o C.
3. Reacts with:

• Halogens;
• Oxygen;
• Gray;
• Nitrogen;
• Nitric oxide;
• Active metals.

Under natural conditions, hydrogen is found both in its natural form and in the form of isotopes: protium, deuterium, and tritium.

The structure of the molecule

The molecule of the element has a simple structure. The composition of the hydrogen molecule is represented by two atoms, which, approaching, form a covalent nonpolar bond, as well as one electronic pair. The structure of one atom is: 1 a positively charged nucleus around which 1 negatively charged electron moves. This electron is located on the 1s orbital.

H-1e = H + this hydrogen ion is positive.

This expression indicates that hydrogen has similar parameters with elements of group 1 in the periodic system, which are alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium), giving their only electron to the outer orbitals.

H + 1e = H - hydrogen ion is negative.

This equation shows that hydrogen is related to analogous elements from the 7th group, which are a gas and are capable of taking the missing electrons to their external electronic level. Such gases include: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, etc.

The composition of the hydrogen molecule is shown graphically below.

The distance between hydrogen atoms is r = 0.74 A, while the sum of the orbital radii is 1.06 A. This affects the depth of overlap of the electron clouds and the strong, stable hydrogen bond.

The hydrogen atom is the most elementary atom in nature. The size of the atomic proton is 10.5 A, and the diameter of one atom is 0.1 nm.

The isotope molecules have a special structure. The atomic nucleus of protium consists of only one proton. The isotope is designated: 1H.

The nuclear structure looks like a complex of protons and neutrons (2H).

3H - tritium - in its atomic structure is endowed with a nucleus with 1 proton and two neutrons.

Weight

In science, there are formulas that calculate what the mass of a hydrogen molecule is equal to. With respect to the element, the molecular and atomic masses are determined.

The molar mass of a hydrogen molecule is calculated from the general formula:

M = m / n, where m is the mass of the substance, n is its quantity.

The mass of the atom is 1.008 amu. Therefore, the relative mass of the molecule will also be equal to 1.008. Since the hydrogen molecule consists of two atoms, the relative atomic weight is 2.016 a. The mass of the hydrogen molecule is expressed in grams per mole (g / mol).

Importance in nature

The most significant substance in nature, which forms hydrogen in a complex with oxygen, is water. Water is the source of life, therefore hydrogen is a vital element.

Of 100% of all the chemical elements that make up the organismic environment, 1/10 part, or 10%, is hydrogen. In addition to water, it is able to maintain a quaternary protein structure, which is possible, thanks to the hydrogen bond.

The principle of complementarity of nucleic acids also occurs with the action of the hydrogen molecule. In the plant cell, H takes part in the process of photosynthesis, biosynthesis, in the transfer of energy through membrane channels.

Application

In the chemical industry, hydrogen is widely used. It is added in the manufacture of plastic products, in soap making, as well as in ammonia and menthol production.

Food industry: in the production of food, hydrogen is added as a food supplement E949. Such a component can be seen on the packaging of margarine, vegetable oils. Additive E949 is allowed by the food industry of the Russian Federation.

Hydrogen was once involved in the aeronautics industry, since the substance is lighter than air. So, in the 30s of the last century, this type of gas was filled with balloons and airships. Despite its cheapness and convenience of use, hydrogen soon ceased to be used as a filler, as the explosions of aircraft became more frequent.

Nowadays, gas is used as fuel used in the space industry. However, the methods of its application for the operation of engines of cars and trucks are considered, since the element does not emit harmful impurities into the atmosphere during combustion, and, therefore, is environmentally friendly.

An integral component of hydrogen isotopes are in the composition of many medications. Deuterium is used in pharmacological studies to determine the behavior and effects of a drug in the body. Tritium is used in radio diagnostics as an element that determines the biochemical reactions of enzyme metabolism. Hydrogen is a part of peroxide, which is a disinfectant.