The main tasks of the RSES. Unified state system of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations

The need for the establishment of the RSES both in Russia and abroad was dictated by the rapid increase in imminent military threats, the development and constant improvement of all possible means of destruction.

For example, during the military and post-war years, the local air defense forces (the modern EMERCOM of Russia) not only saved numerous citizens at the time of artillery and air strikes of the enemy, eliminated debris, carried out activities for the primary life support of the population, neutralized unexploded ordnance and air bombs, Buildings, but also restored sewerage and water, electricity and communication lines, command posts and much more.

Legislative aspect regarding the protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from emergencies

For the first time in our country, according to the RF Regulation No. 261 of 18.04.1992: "On the establishment of the Russian system of prevention and action in emergency situations," an appropriate system was created to prevent all possible emergencies, both in the military and in peacetime, In case of occurrence, as well as to ensure the complete safety of the population, comprehensive protection of the environment and reduction of the damage caused to the country's economy.

Later, the organizational and legal standards of the Russian Federation regulating the protection of the population in emergency situations, as well as air, water and land, the environment and social and industrial facilities, were regulated by the Federal Law: "On Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Man-made Emergencies Character »№ 68-ФЗ from 21. 12. 1994

The subsequent execution of this law resulted in the adoption of the RF Government Decision No. 1113 of 05.11.1995 "On the Unified State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations", in which the Regulation with regard to the RSES was approved. It determined what tasks the RSPS, the principles of building this single system, the composition of the means and forces, the order of interaction of the basic structural elements, decides. In general, the Regulations regulate how a unified system functions.

The main terms in RRS

An emergency is a certain situation in a particular territory that has developed due to an accident, a catastrophe, a dangerous natural event, a natural or other disaster, the result of which is damage to human health or the environment, human victims, various violations of the conditions of acceptable livelihoods People, substantial material losses.

Prevention of emergencies is an extensive set of preliminarily implemented measures aimed at minimizing the risks of their occurrence, preserving human health, reducing the extent of damage to the natural environment, and significant material losses.

Elimination of the consequences of emergency situations - the types of emergency rescue work that are carried out in the event of an emergency. They are focused on preserving human health, saving lives, reducing material losses and the extent of damage to the natural environment, as well as localizing areas (zones) of emergencies.

The emergency zone is the space on which an emergency situation has developed and which, therefore, is under constant control.

Aims and objectives of the EPRS

The first are represented by three directions:

• Prevention of the emergence and subsequent development of emergencies;
• Reduction of damage caused by them;
• Carrying out a set of measures aimed at eliminating emergencies.

The main tasks of the RSES:

1. Development and proper execution of economic and legal norms, which are related to ensuring the full protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from the impact of emergencies.

2. Introduction of scientific and technical and targeted programs to prevent the emergence of emergencies, strengthening the functioning of institutions, enterprises and organizations (without reference to their organizational and legal forms), subordinated social facilities for production in the emergency situation.

3. Forecasting and analysis of the socio-economic aspects of the consequences of emergencies.

4. Ensuring full readiness of the implementation of certain actions in emergency situations by the management bodies, means and forces intended for their prompt prevention and subsequent elimination of the consequences caused by them.

5. International cooperation on the protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from the impact of emergencies.

6. Realization of such complex of actions as gathering, operative processing, an exchange and the subsequent delivery of the information on how the protection of the population in emergency situations is realized.

7. Preparation of citizens for certain actions in the context of emergency situations.

8. Creation of the necessary reserves of various resources that will be provided for the liquidation of the consequences of emergency situations.

9. Conducting state supervision, control and expertise with regard to protecting the entire population of the country and its territories from the impact of emergencies.

10. Elimination of emergency situations.

11. Carrying out a set of measures (humanitarian actions) regarding the social protection of citizens affected by emergencies.

12. Realization of civil rights and duties within the framework of protection of the population of the country and its territories from the consequences of emergency situations.

The tasks to be performed by the SPARES are priorities in all areas. From their careful study and timely execution depends on many lives, as well as territories, damage which can be irreversible.

The goals and objectives of the RSES should be constantly adjusted in accordance with the existing technogenic and anthropogenic situation in the country. Emergency prevention is the main direction of the services.

RSPS: structure, tasks and functions

Its structure is represented by territorial and functional subsystems, expressed by five levels: object, local, territorial, regional and federal.

Territorial subsystems are formed within the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to prevent and then eliminate the ES. They consist of certain links that correspond to the administrative division of these territories.

As for the functional subsystems, they are formed by the federal executive bodies in the sectors of the economy entrusted to them with the aim of organizing measures to protect the entire population of the country and its territories from the impact of emergency situations.

Each level of the system under consideration has the following bodies (RSES subdivisions):

• Coordinating;
• Day-to-day management;
• Department of Civil Defense and Emergencies;

Also in each of them are: necessary means and forces, reserves of various resources, warning systems, communications and information support.

Safety in emergency situations

To begin with, it is necessary to define this concept.

Safety in emergency situations is the creation of sufficient security for all citizens, economic objects, the natural environment from all kinds of dangers in emergency situations. It can be of several varieties.

Types of security in emergency situations

It happens:

• Fire;
• Radiation;
• Environmental;
• Seismic;
• Industrial;
• Biological;
• Chemical.

Safety in emergency situations can also be classified by objects:

• population;
• Environment;
• Economic objects.

Achieving this kind of security is carried out by preventing, preventing or minimizing the negative consequences of emergencies.

History of EMERCOM of Russia

It is closely linked with the history of civil defense (04.10.2010 - 78 years). The period of its formation is considered to be 04.10.1932, when the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted the "Regulations on the Air Defense of the USSR", in which measures and specific means for direct protection of all citizens of the country and its territories were first determined. This is the initial stage in the development of the state system in this area (the birthday of the Local Air Defense). In 1961, it was decided to convert the MPEI to GO.

RSES (the functions and tasks of which we are considering) is the result of a revision of the old views on the protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from all sorts of enemies (including the probability of using weapons of mass destruction).

December 27, 1990 was marked by the adoption of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 606 "On the formation of the Russian Rescue Corps on the Rights of the State Committee of the RSFSR." It is this date - the day when the Ministry for Emergency Situations of Russia (later - the Day of the Rescuer of the Russian Federation) was established.

On January 10, 1994, the State Emergency Committee of Russia was transformed into a modern Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, whose minister was appointed S. Shoigu.

And on December 9, 1992 the former Higher Central Civil Defense Courses were transformed into the current Academy of Civil Defense of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia (a unitary educational institution that has no analogues in the world).

So, it can be said that the tasks and structure of the SPARES formed at the present time have been taking place since the time of the MoE.

Means and forces of the RSES

The main tasks of the SPNS, which were listed earlier, include the item on ensuring full readiness to carry out a number of emergency actions in the emergency management bodies, facilities and forces intended for their prompt prevention and subsequent elimination of the consequences caused by them.

There are two types of the above means and forces:

1. Observations and controls:

• Supervisory bodies (regarding the condition of boilers, nuclear power plants, electric and gas networks, bridges, etc.);
• Control and Inspection Service (Ministry of Ecology);
• Agencies and services of departments that monitor the status of potentially hazardous facilities, the natural environment;
• Veterinary service;
• Network monitoring and laboratory control (SNLK);
• Laboratory monitoring of the quality of food products, food raw materials;
• Warning service for natural disasters.

2. Elimination of emergencies:

• Ministry of Emergency Situations, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Defense (their units, units and units);
• Non-military formations of civil defense;
• Means and forces related to other departments and ministries, state bodies (located on the territory of the Russian Federation).

The main directions of activity of the system under consideration

We continue to consider RSE. The structure, tasks and functions of it is the most important element of the national system. Security of the Russian Federation.

The main directions of its activities are:

1. Elaboration of proposals on the state policy regarding protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from emergencies, their timely implementation. This function is performed by the authorities in conjunction with the country's forces and resources (previously this problem was solved by them separately).

2. Control the working moments of this system. The EMERCOM of Russia acts as the governing body, coordinating the work of government bodies, as well as local self-government in the framework of the problem under consideration. In order to increase the effectiveness of this activity, the Government of the Russian Federation has established a collegial management body - the Interdepartmental Commission for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies, which deals with cross-sectoral regulation in the area under consideration. Its decisions are binding for execution by federal executive bodies, subjects of the Russian Federation. In the structural elements of the ESDP, this function is performed by the bodies of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations Commissions.

3. Control designed to ensure proper compliance with relevant regulations, separate norms, rules and standards in the field of protection against emergencies by federal executive authorities, its bodies of subjects of the Russian Federation, organizations, local self-government bodies. At the federal level this function is carried out by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation.

4. Production activity, which consists in carrying out preventive measures aimed at preventing emergencies, reducing their scale, minimizing damage and losses from their consequences and emergency rescue work to eliminate this kind of consequences.

5. Various kinds of support for the activities of the single system under consideration (material, technical, financial, etc.). Reserves necessary for the liquidation of the consequences of the impact of emergency material resources include: food raw materials, food, engineering, clothing and medical equipment, communications and vehicles, medicines, fuel, building materials, individual chemical and radiation protection equipment, etc.

6. International cooperation. It is expressed by Russia's openness to the purposeful integration of the ESNS into the emerging systems of prevention and subsequent elimination of emergencies. Cooperation is realized through the conclusion of contracts and other international acts, the development of a joint legal framework with regard to issues of mutual or collective interest, as well as activities in specialized international institutions and organizations.

EMERCOM of Russia: tasks and activities

The main tasks of the RSES, assigned to this ministry, can be grouped in two directions:

1. Development of proposals for public policy in the framework of civil defense, as well as the prevention and subsequent elimination of emergencies.
2. Supervision and ensuring the normal functioning of the system under consideration (RSES) in the ES not only in wartime, but also in a peaceful one.

It will not be superfluous to emphasize once again that the main tasks and structure of the SPARES are clearly spelled out in the previously mentioned Federal Law on the protection of citizens of the Russian Federation and its territories from the impact of emergencies.

Principles of creating the system under consideration taking into account the current situation in the country

First, of course, this is the need to comply with a comprehensive approach in the process of forming the system (taking into account the man-made, natural origin of emergencies, their stages of development and consequences, countermeasures and the necessary number of participants).

Secondly, recognition, so to speak, of a "non-zero risk" (the fact that risks of emergencies can not be ruled out within the framework of all possible potential threats).

Thirdly, basing on the fundamental principle of safety prevention (prevention) with regard to safety (the greatest possible reduction in the likelihood of occurrence of emergencies and systematic implementation of preventive measures).

Modes of operation of the single system under consideration

Depending on the existing situation, three modes are distinguished:

1. Constant activity (provided that all available government bodies and existing RSES forces function at the usual pace):

• A study of the current state of the natural environment and comprehensive forecasting of emergencies;
• Planning, organization and provision of a complex of actions of the forces of the DAC and management bodies in the event of emergencies;
• Collection, processing and subsequent exchange of information on the protection of the entire population of the country and its territories from emergency situations, ensuring full-fledged fire safety;
• Advocacy of knowledge on the protection of the entire population of the country and its territories in the event of emergencies;
• Organization of the formation, placement, storage, timely replenishment of existing reserves, necessary for carrying out the liquidation of consequences caused by emergency situations.

2. Increased preparedness (existing threat of emergencies):

• Strengthening of control over the change in the state of the natural environment, prediction of the offensive and the degree of damage caused by emergencies;
• The continuous process of collecting, processing and transferring to the forces of the RPSS and the management bodies information about the projected emergencies, informing citizens about the ways and means of protection in these cases;
• Rapid response (prevention of the onset and development of emergencies);
• Clarification of plans and other documents with regard to prevention and liquidation of consequences caused by emergency situations;
• Conducting (if it is considered necessary) evacuation measures.

3. An emergency situation (the occurrence of an emergency and its operational liquidation):

• Continuous monitoring of the current state of the natural environment, implementation of hazard prediction;
• Notification of citizens and managers about the emerged emergency situations;
• Continuous collection, processing (analysis) and data exchange regarding the current situation in the emergency zone and ways to eliminate its consequences;
• Carrying out a complex of protective measures against the entire population of the country and its territories from emergency situations;
• Organization and continuous provision of interaction of all the existing executive authorities with respect to certain measures to eliminate the consequences of the impact of emergency situations;
• Carrying out the necessary measures regarding the full-scale life support of the population within the current emergency situation.

Classification of emergencies based on the extent of the spread and severity of their consequences

It is accepted to allocate:

• Local actions in emergency situations (the impact of striking factors and the source of emergencies remains within the production site, which can be quickly liquidated by own means and forces);
• Local (the impact of the damaging factors and the source of the emergency situation is maintained within the populated area);
• Territorial (the impact of striking factors and the source of emergencies remains within a certain subject: the republic, the region, the province, the autonomous education);
• Regional (the impact of striking factors and a hotbed of emergency applies to several RF subjects);
• Federal (the impact of striking factors and the source of ES covers from four or more RF subjects);
• Global (the impact of the damaging factors and the source of emergencies goes beyond the state).

So, summing up all the above, it will not be superfluous to emphasize once again that carefully worked out main tasks of the RPSS and their competent implementation in practice are able to prevent in advance the destructive impact of various emergencies and, if necessary, promptly liquidate their consequences.