The main parts of the flower are ... Main parts of the flower: pistil and stamens

Botanists counted more than 360 thousand species among flowering plants. And this account is not over. Flowers are found from the tropics to the tundra - in all climatic zones of the planet. They are everywhere: in deserts, in forests, steppes, marshes and lakes, on sea coasts and in high mountains. This flowering make up the bulk of the plant matter of the biosphere. Thanks to them, vegetable food is formed - cereals, most vegetables and fruits, berries and nuts.

The most important element of angiosperms (the second name of flowering plants) is a flower. The main parts of the flower are the pestle and stamens. Owing to the most complicated processes of pollination and fertilization, seeds are formed with their participation-the continuation of the life and evolution of plants on the planet.

Flower: structure and function

Higher plants consist of a root, a stem with leaves and flowers, which are shortened and modified stems. Root, stem and leaves are the vegetative parts that are responsible for plant growth. A flower is a generative element, a reproductive organ. Usually the flowers are attached to the pedicels - this is the name for the refined part of the stem without leaves. Some plants do not have pedicels or they are barely expressed. These are sessile flowers. The peduncle widens, passing in the peduncle.

We list from below upwards, starting from the pedicel, the main parts of the flower. This is the peduncle, which is the foundation for the placement of other elements of the flower. The receptacle can be of various forms: from conical, as in magnolia, to flat (chamomile) and even concave (rosehip), starting with a cup, which is formed sepals. They are usually green, but can be brightly colored. The calyx may be single-rowed or with a subchamber formed from the second circle of sepals. Next - the corolla of the flower, composed of petals. Variety of floral corollas is great: in color, intensity of color, size, quantity, shape, interposition, cleavage of petals.

In the aggregate sepals and petals make up the perianth - the cover of the flower. Some flowers do not have petals or they do not differ from sepals. In such cases, the perianth will be simple; It is called double if there are sepals and petals. The perianth is a sterile appendage of the flower. Functions of flowers assigned to the perianth - the protection of the carpel (pistil or fruit) and the guarantee of pollination. Bright colors of the corolla and an attractive smell provide visits to plants by insects.

In the perianth there are sporiferous, no less important parts of the flower. This gynecia, it is simpler - a pestle, in which develops semolina with a container for gametophyte (megaspore). He is the female genital organ of the flower. In the perianth there is also a male genital organ, the structural unit of which is a stamen. Together, the stamens are called androceum. Microspores are formed in staminate anthers. Of these, pollen grains are produced - the male gametophyte.

The main parts of the flower

Pestle and stamens are important elements, as they are suppliers of female and male germ cells. These are gametophytes, substances from the fusion of which the seed and fruit of the flowering plants are born. Pestle (more correctly call it carpel) consists of the ovary, a column (some flowers do not have it) and stigma. In the ovary, there is an embryo sac with embedded seedlets. The top of the column ends with a stigma, on which the pollen is retained. It is formed in the stamens (microsporolistics). A typical staminate consists of two parts: a filamentous filament (sterile, infertile part) and an anther with a fertile (fertilizing) function.

Homogeneity and dioeconomy

About 75% of species of angiosperms have bisexual (hermaphrodite) flowers - they have both stamens and pistils. These plants are monoecious (example - corn). There are plants in which some individuals - only with staminate flowers, and others - only with pistillate flowers. They are called dioecious (example - hemp).

The process of pollination

The essence of pollination is the ingress of pollen from the stamens on the stigma. It can be self-pollination, a classic example of which is observed in non-opening flowers (some species of violets, peanuts, barley). The second method is cross-pollination, which occurs in most flowering plants. Some carriers of pollen: wind, water, insects, ants, birds.

Double Fertilization

When the gametes of a male (sperm) merge with a female gamete (egg), fertilization takes place. For this, it is necessary that on the stigma of the pistil, moistened with a sticky sweet liquid, the pollen of the stamens grows. The pollen tube begins to grow in a germ of dust, very long and very thin. It penetrates into the ovary closely to the ovules. Two sperm are attached to the end of the tube. The ovules, consisting of cells, develop inside the ovary. The egg is located close to the pollen collector, into which the pollen is penetrated. Another cell, secondary, is in the center of the ovary. Pyltsetrubka bursts and both sperm come out of it. One of them penetrates into the cytoplasm and merges with the nucleus of the egg cell, and the other penetrates into the secondary cell. There is fertilization, and the egg begins multiple division, thanks to which the embryo of the plant develops. The secondary cell is also fertilized and begins to divide with the formation of an endosperm - a stockroom of the supply reserve for the embryo. So the seed is formed.

Briefly about the function of flowers

Flowering plants in the flora of the planet occupy the leading place in their development, as well as mammals among fauna. The purpose of all living things is to extend their kind, create their own continuation. Flowers also tend to the same. Their reproductive organs, performing the function of reproduction, are flowers. The main parts of the flower are gynecia (pistil) and androce (stamens), which form sex cells - gametes. In the flowers after pollination, the sexual act - copulation of gametes is performed. As a result of double fertilization , seeds from the ovules of the ovary develop seeds in the skin with a supply of nutrients. This is the beginning of a new life for subsequent generations in the families of flowering plants.