The main branches of light industry in Russia

In the complex of consumer goods, light industry does not take the last place. This industry specializes in the production of fabrics, clothes, shoes, etc. In addition to ready-to-use products, the light industry produces semi-finished products, blanks and materials for other enterprises. For example, it could be tires, filter materials, cores for ropes made of steel.

в России находятся в разных городах. The existing branches of light industry in Russia are located in different cities. There are several large centers of similar production. Here, scientific developments are constantly being conducted, and numerous new sub-sectors are appearing.

general characteristics

, которая обеспечивает производство товаров для массового потребления. Modern light industry is an industry that provides production of goods for mass consumption. This sphere of human activity includes a full cycle of manufacturing products. It starts with the extraction of raw materials, and ends with the sale of ready-to-use products.

This branch of industry functions to provide the necessary level of indicators of the supply of products, which the people consume. The number of finished products must fully meet the demand of the population for them.

All industries that are part of the light industry can be conditionally divided into 3 groups. The first of these includes enterprises for the production of raw materials. The second group included the production of billets and semi-finished products. They function to provide their products to both light industry and other industries. The third group includes the production of final products.

осуществляют обработку шкур, добычу хлопка, а полупродуктовое производство включает в себя прядильные, текстильные работы. Raw materials industries of light industry of Russia carry out processing of hides, extraction of cotton, and semi-finished production includes spinning, textile works. The branches of the final production of products specialize in the production of footwear, clothing, carpets, etc. The enterprises of this group occupy the majority of all light industry productions.

Features

занимают львиную долю в производстве товаров народного потребления. The branches of food and light industry occupy the lion's share in the production of consumer goods. They have a significant impact on the entire economy of the country.

Light industry has a number of features. Its production of the first group, which specialize in the extraction of raw materials, are located close to the centers of its concentration. In the process of manufacturing the final product, individual stages of the cycle can occur in different factories. Full-cycle enterprises are rarely found here.

Much attention is paid to the finishing processes. The appearance of products plays an important role. Therefore, the matching requirements are met (for example, the presence of taste).

The enterprises of this field of activity usually have small sizes. They work dynamically, constantly changing their range. This is due to the constant changes in fashion, consumer preferences. Women predominantly work in such industries. The end user is mainly individuals. These features are taken into account in the process of organizing production cycles.

Prospects for investing

в нашей стране имеют большой потенциал для инвестирования. The branches of food and light industry in our country have a great potential for investment. This is due to the large number of unused production capacities. It is also advantageous for investors to invest their funds in similar production due to the high turnover of investments and their quick return. In addition, the industries represented do not require significant capital investment. In a year it is possible to execute more than two complete revolving cycles. This also speaks of the benefits of investing.

You can mount the equipment in just a few months. Therefore, in the first year of work, such enterprises can make a profit. Investors can invest their temporarily free funds in more than 30 different sub-sectors. Many of them are quite new and very promising.

The raw material base for light industry in our country is well developed. It completely satisfies the need of enterprises in wool, flax, chemical threads and fibers, leather and fur. Raw materials are supplied by enterprises of agriculture, chemical industry. Its cost is acceptable. This makes it possible to produce products that are affordable for different categories of consumers.

предоставляет ряд возможностей для инвесторов. The economy of the light industry provides a number of opportunities for investors. Doing business in this direction is promising.

Structure

включают в себя более 30 различных подотраслей. The main branches of the light industry include more than 30 different sub- industries . They are conditionally united into 3 main groups. The first of these is the textile industry. This group includes cotton and linen production. Also here are enterprises of woolen, knitted and silk sub-sectors. Enterprises of this group specialize in primary processing of raw materials, production of various types of materials (woven, non-woven).

The garment industry belongs to the second group of industries. It specializes in the processing of fabrics and other materials of the textile industry, leather, fur, etc. This category includes both enterprises with a stable range (production of overalls) and more complex, dynamic production (tailoring of designer clothes). This is a fairly heterogeneous group. Its enterprises are very diverse and have different principles of accommodation.

The third group includes fur, tannery, shoe sub-sector. Production of this direction closely cooperate with each other.

Accommodation features

не имеют четко выраженной специализации в территориальном отношении. The main branches of the food and light industry do not have a clearly defined specialization in a territorial sense. Practically in all regions there are certain manufactures of this group. However, in the textile industry, it is still possible to identify the main areas of concentration of enterprises.

So, Tver, Ivanovo region produce a fairly large number of products from cotton fabric. If we consider the Central Economic Region, we can draw conclusions about the concentration of these industries here.

In the Ivanovo region, more than 55% of all cotton fabrics are produced. Significantly fewer such industries are concentrated in the Moscow (11%) and Vladimir regions (7%). Directly in Moscow, 6% of all cotton fabrics in this region are produced.

практически ничем не отличаются от других направлений деятельности. The main factors in the location of light industry branches practically do not differ from other areas of activity. They often supplement the complex of the national economy, and also satisfy the needs within the regions.

Accommodation factors

There is no unanimous opinion on the location of the industries represented by the industry. However, there are three main groups of factors that influence this process. могут размещаться с учетом концентрации сырья, потребителей или трудовых ресурсов. The branches of light industry can be located taking into account the concentration of raw materials, consumers or labor resources. Previously, the enterprises of this sphere of the national economy strongly depended on the location of energy enterprises. Today, due to the availability of this resource, this factor has become secondary.

The consumer factor affects the enterprises for the production of raw materials. Their products are sometimes poorly transported for long distances. Therefore, such enterprises are concentrated near raw materials processing factories.

Also, primary processing enterprises are located near cotton production centers, livestock farms, etc. This significantly reduces production costs and raises profitability.

Labor resources are also an important factor in the location of enterprises. In the overwhelming majority of such industries, women work. Therefore, it is expedient to build factories of represented specialization in areas with enterprises of heavy industry. They mostly use the labor of men. This makes it possible to use the labor resources of the region as efficiently as possible.

Textile industry

. Textile production is the largest of light industry branches . It specializes in the production of fabrics for the population and other industries (shoe, sewing, food industry, engineering, etc.).

The leading sub-sector here is the cotton industry. It is oriented to imported natural raw materials (supplied by the countries of Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Syria).

Linen industry is also an important component of the textile industry. In its structure, the production of technical fabrics is more important than the products of domestic use.

The first place in the textile industry in terms of gross production is occupied by wool processing enterprises. This is due to the high cost of raw materials. The value of fixed assets is higher only in the cotton industry. Such enterprises produce both yarns, fabrics, and finished products.

The silk industry of ¾ consists of combines. They specialize in coconut, weaving, spinning, finishing operations. Fabrics and threads can be made of natural, artificial fibers, as well as mixtures of different types of yarn.

Sewing Industry

считается одним из самых материалоемких производств. The sewing branch of light industry is considered to be one of the most material-intensive industries. The cost of raw materials here can be up to 80%. Here, further processing of fabrics, cloths, knitwear, artificial leather and fur takes place.

This industry produces about 4/5 of all materials for domestic consumption. This is a heterogeneous industry. In its structure simple manufactures are distinguished, the assortment of which does not change for a long time. They specialize in the production of overalls. More complex industries are concentrated in large cities. Their range is constantly changing under the influence of fashion trends.

In recent years, the enterprises of the domestic garment industry cooperate with foreign companies. High level of professional training and low labor costs contribute to attracting foreign manufacturers. Domestic production improves the quality of its own products. Taking over the experience of world manufacturers, garment factories began to produce competitive products that can be supplied to the world market.

The enterprises of the garment industry are distributed evenly throughout Russia. They are defined in almost every region. Such products provide usually local demand for clothing and other products.

Leather, shoe industry

была бы неполной без кожевенно-обувных и меховых изделий. The products of light industry branches would be incomplete without leather-shoe and fur products. Here we process natural and artificial leather, fur, sheepskin, film materials. Shoes, leather goods, clothes, etc. are produced.

In terms of the number of products, our country ranks 8th in the world. This indicator has slightly decreased in recent years. Fur production has no analogues in the world. It is export oriented.

The leading role in the industry is occupied by the production of footwear, as well as leather finishing. Artificial materials are also used in this sphere of management. In this direction, North-West and Central economic regions are leading. Here the largest enterprises of the sub-sector are concentrated. The largest number of them is in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The footwear industry is characterized by high material and labor intensity. It is important for this sub-sector to strengthen its own raw materials base. The cost of imported semi-finished products and materials is constantly increasing. This entails the production of expensive, non-competitive products in the world market.

Leather goods are presented in the form of bags, gloves, cases, as well as balls and other products.

Problems of the industry

имеет несколько сдерживающих факторов. The economy of the light industry has several deterrents. While the dynamics of production growth is positive, the output of domestic enterprises is only 20% in total turnover. Several factors serve this cause.

The labor remuneration of qualified specialists is quite low. This entails a loss of interest among young people in the professions of the industry. As a result, the quality of the final product is reduced, which becomes uncompetitive even in the domestic market.

In the structure of fixed assets more than 50% of the equipment is obsolete. It has been in operation for over 10 years, which does not allow increasing the turnover of products, making modern products. In developed countries, the indicator of obsolete fixed assets does not exceed the threshold of 15%.

The lack of investment does not allow the industry to expand, to develop new technologies. This is most often small factories that produce products for a small number of consumers.

присутствует монополизация. Virtually every significant branch of light industry is monopolized. It is extremely difficult to fight them with new enterprises. Without proper support from the government, the development of light industry in our country is extremely problematic. It is required to allocate subsidies and subsidies to new enterprises, to prevent the emergence of monopoly in all sub-sectors. The increase in investment will contribute to the renewal of equipment and production technologies. This will help domestic enterprises enter the world market, produce competitive products.

, а также их особенности, можно сделать выводы о развитии этой сферы народного производства. Having considered the main branches of light industry , and also their features, it is possible to draw conclusions about the development of this sphere of national production. The existing problems and constraints must be eliminated by law and by attracting investment capital of domestic and foreign investors.