Structure and composition of fixed assets. Operation, amortization and accounting of fixed assets

The fixed assets are used by the enterprise in its activities. It concerns absolutely all enterprises, regardless of their forms of ownership, orientation, functional features and other similar problems. The composition of fixed assets is extremely diverse, in addition, there is such a thing as non-productive means. Features of operation, accrual of depreciation, accounting for all these elements, cost analysis and similar factors are also of great importance and must be taken into account in the calculations.

What is fixed assets

Under fixed assets understand any objects that are owned by an individual enterprise and participate in one way or another in the production process. That is, this includes working machines, and land and spare equipment and even buildings in which the procedure for manufacturing goods. But one enterprise can not exist without its own or borrowed fixed assets, because even the smallest company needs at least the premises in which the work will take place.

What is included in fixed assets

All fixed assets are divided into two large categories, which represent the total aggregate of all property that is on the balance sheet of the enterprise. So, allocate production and non-productive means. Types of fixed assets of production type, in turn, are divided into two categories - active and passive. An active variety is something that is used directly in the production process. For example, machines, equipment, machinery, transport and so on. They are directly related to the product creation cycle and therefore are actively working. A passive variant of fixed assets is represented by land plots, buildings, structures and other similar facilities, without which creation of products is impossible in principle, but they are not used directly for production. That is, the machines in the shop are an active tool, but the shop itself is passive. For all this, there are some other components that can be conditionally included in the organization's fixed assets, but in fact they do not. This includes elements such as tools, parts and the like. In general, everything that is needed for production, but will last for less than 1 year. By the way, this indicator is one of the most important when determining the conformity of an object with fixed assets. If the technical operation of the facility is planned for a year or more, then it definitely belongs to this category. But if less - then no. Exceptions are small items, for example, stationery and the like.

Non-productive means

Such a variant of funds has become more and more rare lately. This includes various objects that have absolutely nothing to do with the product creation cycle, but on the balance sheet of the enterprise for one reason or another are listed. The simplest example of this is kindergartens, schools, dormitories and other similar structures, which are virtually impossible to correlate with production. Many large enterprises have similar assets on their balance sheets before and now. They are needed for the employees to feel more confident and grateful to the company. As practice proves, such an approach is often even more profitable, both in terms of efficiency and in terms of money, than direct motivation of workers with high wages. And with a combination of these elements, there is the opportunity to achieve truly stunning performance.

Exploitation

The process of operating a fixed asset is very conditional on its accounting. The main thing to remember when correctly creating all the documents - the main tool is put into operation only when it is really fully ready to work at any time. An example is the installation of a machine. Workers of this type are first supplied to the warehouse or to the place of future work and only then the process of their preparation for operation takes place. So, the machine can enter the warehouse on the 5th. But there it is valid until the 10th day of the month, when it will finally be placed in the right place, connected and fully ready for operation. That's exactly the 10th number and will be the period when the main facility was put into operation.

Depreciation

Any equipment and the like will wear out. The operation of fixed assets automatically implies this. The longer it is in the ranks, the less it actually costs. In addition, sooner or later it will require replacement. All this is also displayed in the account. For this purpose, special settlement systems are used, but if in brief, then the main indicators here are the initial cost of the facility and its potential service life. Next, it's all to share on each other and calculate the cost that the underlying facility will have in a certain period of time. But just so write off this cost will also be wrong, because it does not go anywhere, but is part of the cost of manufactured products. That is, gradually the price of equipment as it goes to the cost of goods with the calculation that closer to the end of life, the profit allowed to replace worn out in the process of working machines to new ones. The general recommendation will be to somewhat underestimate the time that the technical operation of the device has relative to its real life. This will allow timely update and always have a reserve. It should be remembered that far from all the basic means need depreciation. For example, this process is not produced for residential real estate, for certain types of livestock and plantations, certain types of writers, land and so on.

Accounting for fixed assets

The entire process of working with fixed assets is fully reflected in the accounting. Each separate element has its own rules and postings, which should not be neglected. All this can be divided into 5 main groups. The first of these is the receipt of the facility and its commissioning. Types of fixed assets are different, so sometimes between these concepts a lot of time passes. The next stage refers to the depreciation described above, after which the costs are incurred to restore somehow worn out means. And two more stages can both be directly connected with the first three, and pass separately - the disposal and lease of the object. All this is a piece of accounting, differing from each other, and depending on the features that the current composition and structure of fixed assets, the factors of the functioning of the enterprise and so on.

Analysis

In addition to all other accounting features, with some periodicity the enterprise can make a special analysis of the composition of fixed assets, which in theory can improve the efficiency of work and the overall return on the objects. The most common tasks are the ability to detect some previously unaccounted reserves, which would increase the service life of equipment or otherwise increase its economic efficiency. Also, such an analysis gives a fairly accurate picture of how and how all divisions of the company are equipped with the necessary objects, how specifically and with what load they are used, how many are left before the write-off and so on. In case of suspicion, the same analysis will find potential violations or other undocumented changes. The composition and structure of fixed assets does not change, but is simply clarified. But according to the results of the analysis, it may be necessary to correct the data so that they are more similar to the real state of affairs.

Evaluation and reassessment

All fixed assets have a certain value. It is determined by different methods, depending on how specifically the enterprise received these funds. But apart from the direct price for a particular product, the cost of its transportation, all installation, commissioning, start-up and so on are also taken into account. The simplest example of this is the conventional machine. He was ordered from an organization, but you need to take it yourself. After that it will be necessary to pay separately for the installation and launching of the product. Thus, the cost of the facility will include its immediate price, transportation costs, as well as the amount that will be spent on installation and commissioning. The composition of fixed assets is not uniform, therefore some of them the enterprise can receive in other ways. For example, free of charge. In this case, an additional valuation should be made, based on existing market prices. Similarly, revaluation is performed. It can be held only once at the beginning of the reporting year on the basis of documents evidencing changes in the value of the product.

Inventory

Inventory of fixed assets is another important element of accounting. Any object that is on the balance sheet must have its own number written directly on the product. In many cases, if it is difficult to reach it, dubbing is allowed on other elements of the structure. Among other things, sometimes there is a special table attached at a certain place, which indicates all the objects with their numbers that are in this room.

Efficiency of use

To ensure that the fixed assets are used with the greatest possible impact, an assessment of their effectiveness is constantly carried out. It is responsible for whether or not an object performs all its functions fully, whether there are downtime or other similar problems. As a rule, it allows to detect in a timely manner negative factors that affect the operation of the enterprise and promptly eliminate them.

Short summary

Taking into account all the information provided above, it can be concluded that the composition of fixed assets, their accounting, control and timely implementation of all required actions for accounting reflection in the balance sheet give an opportunity to influence the overall efficiency of the enterprise, the quality of production, workload and so on. In some cases, such information may increase the economic performance of the company several times, which will positively affect its profitability.