Specialization of production

The specialization of production is the social division of labor, expressed in the division of old branches of production, the labor of workers within the industry and the creation of new industries. Its deepening is manifested by the deepening of the social character of any production. It is believed that the specialization of production is essentially an almost endless process, like scientific and technological progress. It is this progress and the increase in the scale of production that are the most important factors in its deepening. This process is typical for all branches of production and non-productive sphere. With the increase in the number of separate, independent industries, there is a division of productions of various products, as well as a reduction in the nomenclature of the same type of products in the course of increasing the scale of its production in those enterprises that form a certain industry in the aggregate.

Specialization of production in any industry is complemented by the specialization of its constituent enterprises in the production of technologically and constructively the same type of products. The most important feature of it is the kind of manufactured goods. A generalizing indicator of the specialization of industry is the growth of the number of isolated, independent industries, most of which include different sub-industries and industrial production. The increase in the number of such special industries is not only in the course of isolating the production of heterogeneous finished products, but also in the process of individual parts and parts of finished products, certain operations in the course of the technological process of output.

The specialization of production, depending on which of the groups of industries is becoming independent, is divided into the following main types:

1. Subject (machine-building and automobile plants, sewing and shoe factories).

2. Sub-assembly (plants of automobile pistons, ball bearings, construction parts, fastening hardware).

3. Staged or technological (forging and pressing, foundry, assembly production).

The most widespread was the specialization of the first type - subject. In the engineering industry, the most specialized is the development of sub-specialization. The transformation of plants with subject specialization into enterprises that have an assembly type of production involves the creation of a developed network of enterprises with technological and sub-specialization.

Agricultural specialization of production takes into account social, economic, demographic factors, as well as the specifics of this production (biological properties of animals and plants, natural conditions, features of land cultivation, labor and material resources, vehicles). That is why a large number of farms are combined enterprises, in which there are several industries with different economic significance. At the same time, the main commodity branches are distinguished, which are given preferential development, and additional ones, which have a small share in the produced commodity output. In agricultural production there are also subsidiary and service industries and industries.

The material basis for the specialization of production is the division of the instruments of labor. Its development is carried out in cooperation with the formation of technologies, the increase in the scale of production, the increase in the range of products, the unification of parts, the standardization of products, the professional division of labor.

The international specialization of production is the basis for the geographical division of social labor. It appeared even at the time of the emergence of the first producers of commodity products and the beginning of commodity exchange. At present, it is implemented with the help of foreign trade of states.