Replication is a duplication: a cell from a cell

Doubling with the formation of two identical copies - a phenomenon quite normal in biological systems. Often such a duplication is called replication. The latter can occur at different levels of organization of matter - from DNA directly to chromosomes and whole cells. In this case, if the process has passed without failures, two identical units are obtained. Replication is a jewelry exact duplication.

Like nowhere else

The most interesting and basic for all other species is DNA replication. This is a process that occurs during several stages, on each of which accuracy is critical, because inaccuracy will provoke the synthesis of absolutely wrong protein, unsuitable for use in the cell and in the body as a whole.

The beginning of time

Cell replication begins with the doubling of DNA, which has the consequence of doubling chromosomes. But replication is the cornerstone of the whole process. It consists of three stages: first, initiation, second, elongation, and third, termination. The work of enzymes begins with special points - replicators and only with them. Starting in the wrong place would distort the whole process. The enzyme-catalyst activates the special proteins that form the pre-replication complex necessary for DNA doubling. Before breeding, the DNA is cut into two parts with special enzymes.

Complementary Chain

When elongation on the matrix, a complementary maternal chain is constructed. That is, one that then can form an integral molecule. The process ends with a termination, which also occurs at a certain point. There is a special unit - the replicon. This is the DNA fragment that is rebuilt at a time. DNA replication is the basis, without it chromosome replication is impossible. The latter occurs when the cell is preparing for division.

Protein as a trait

The doubling of the chromosome begins just hours after the DNA doubling occurred. To rebuild the chromosome, we need not only new sets of deoxyribonucleic acid, but also proteins that are part of the chromosome apparatus, and their synthesis takes time. Accelerated replication is a sign of cancer. If too much protein is detected, characteristic of intensive cell division, the doctor begins to sound an alarm.

Space is enough

There is an interesting feature in the replication process - in the core space, the synthesis points for new DNA are arranged fairly evenly, so there are no distortions that could trigger mutual influence. There are a lot of dots, as a rule, one and a half to two dozen.

How the chromosomes will be organized depends on whether mitosis or meiosis occurs in the cell. In the first case in the formed cell there will be a usual set, in the second - half. After all, the remaining half will bring the cell of the second partner in sexual reproduction. If, in meiosis, a complete set is suddenly obtained, the sex cell will either be unviable, or the conception of a sick child will occur. However, such children are still most often not born, there is a miscarriage at an early stage of pregnancy, which the mother can take for monthly or ovulatory bleeding in the middle of the cycle.