Parts of speech in Russian

Schoolchildren often ask the question: "How many parts of speech are in Russian?". It is hardly possible to answer it unequivocally: there are various schools that, based on different approaches, allocate a different number of these categories. So, for example, the morphological approach of A.K. Polivanovoy - N.N. Durnovo allows you to name six. A.M. Peshkovsky singles out only five.

In general, linguists are sure that the question of the number of parts of speech is eternal. The deeper the scientists immerse themselves in the study of the language, the more often they ask themselves the question: "Which attributes should be fundamental in the classification of these categories?". There are many theories, but none of them is indisputable.

The most common classification is based on morphological and syntactic parameters. It is used as the basis for a school acquaintance with the language. At the Faculty of Philology study all approaches to this issue, get acquainted with all linguistic works dedicated to him. In the school curriculum, parts of speech in Russian are determined depending on their morphological, grammatical, syntactic roles. It is these parameters that underlie classification.

All parts of the speech of the Russian language are divided into classes. Allocate:

• significant (independent) parts of speech ;

• service;

• interjections.

Independent (also called significant) parts of speech in the Russian language are characterized by their own meaning, constant / non-permanent grammatical features. They respond to specific questions, carry a communicative load, that is, they serve to convey information. This category includes all parts of speech, except for official words and interjections.

Those words that do not have a nominative meaning belong to official ones, they are not lexical independent. Their task is to express the semantic and syntactic links between the significant words, members or parts of the sentence. These grammatical means of language include alliances, prepositions, particles. The latter are necessary to change the shade of the message or the formation of numerous forms of the word.

Official (unremarkable) parts of speech in Russian are used much more often than notable ones, because they are much smaller.

Finally, there are interjections. They are used only for the transmission of emotions or feelings, they serve for onomatopoeia, they have neither their own signs nor their own significance. They sing out proper interjections (Vox! Ah! Ooh!), Word-of-mouth (Gav-Gav! Kukareku!), Substantivized words (translated from other ranks) or whole expressions (Wow! Nightmare! Fathers!).

Significant parts of speech in Russian are divided into nominal and verbal.

Nominal:

• Noun. (Mom, father, krovinushka, orgy, lot, silence, etc.). Their constant characteristics: gender, dependent on it declination, as well as animate / inanimate. The non-permanent attributes include: the number (single, plural), the ability to vary by case.

• Adjective (red, strong, courageous, etc.). They designate the feature of the object, they have a single permanent sign: they can be either qualitative, or relative, or possessive.

• Numeral. Indicates the number or number of the account. Depending on this, it can be quantitative (five, three hundred and forty) or ordinal (second, eight hundredth).

• The Adverb. It is necessary to transmit a sign or state of action (far, far away, for long, etc.). Has no non-permanent signs, does not change.

• The pronoun. It does not have its own meaning, but it can be used instead of any name (the nominal part of the speech that designates it). (I, somehow, someone, someone, nobody, etc.). The rank of pronouns is constant.

Linguists believe that verbal parts of speech in the Russian language can be represented directly by verbs and their forms: participle, gerund. Some philological schools consider these categories independent (independent) parts of speech, others refer them to separate, special verbal forms.

• The verb denotes an action (run, sing, paint). His constant signs are a kind (sing-sing), recurrence (washed-washed), transitivity (ability / inability to combine with nouns in the accusative case), conjugation.

• Participle. It can be either real (running, painting, drawing) or passive (painted, pronounced).

• The gerundive. This is a sign of the sign. It does not change, always refers to the predicate because it means just its additional action (or attribute). (I'm going, humming, running, jumping.)