Oil industry of Russia

Oil is the most important energy raw material. But oil reserves are not infinite. Therefore, the consumption of "black gold" in this direction is planned to be limited to the maximum, giving preference to other sources of energy (solar, nuclear). But to reduce its consumption in other industries is not yet possible.

In 1992, the oil industry of Russia was based in two oil-producing regions. Western Siberia gave about 70% of raw materials, another 20% was supplied by the Volga-Ural region, and the remaining 5% was given by Sakhalin, the Kaliningrad region and the North Caucasus.

The oil industry of Russia developed in Soviet times, like the entire economy, unevenly. The first crisis occurred in 1977, when the volume of oil produced in Western Siberia fell sharply. This is explained by the ill-considered conduct of prospecting and exploration work. For example, in the 1970s the Soviet era was intensively expanding the volumes of production drilling, but exploratory drilling was frozen. The decline in oil production lasted almost nine years. At the Samotlor (largest) field, production fell by 20,000,000 tons, stubbornly decreasing by 10,000,000 tons per year. In 1985, 16% of the wells were idle. The quality of hastily drilled wells left much to be desired. The first crisis of the Russian oil industry overcame the "Soviet way" - the buildup of production drilling ...

The next crisis was caused by the inability of the oil industry to increase productivity. The problem was solved by typical Soviet "emergency" measures: a huge inflow of labor and capital. Since 1986, the decline in production began to stop, and in 1988 the Russian oil industry recorded a record of 570 million tons.

And again - the decline. 1994 - production fell by 44%, in 1995 - a simple 22 000 wells out of 140 000. The structure of oil is deteriorating. This crisis is continuing, resulting in an increase in energy prices (despite the extremely low quality of the product). Accordingly, prices for almost all goods began to grow, and this in turn significantly reduced demand in the domestic market.

The oil industry of Russia required structuring. The first step was the software (production associations), organized at the direction of the government in Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Nefteyugansk, Uray. In each software, all types of work in a fixed area were combined: search, exploration, extraction, processing, transportation, and even repair work. The composition of the PO includes the institutes (research). The ice has started - this approach has yielded positive results. Vertically integrated oil companies that operate on the principle of "from exploration to gas stations" began to be created, the typical structure of which included, among other things, drilling enterprises and marketing organizations.

The prerogative of the ministry, which first became Rosneftegaz, and then the Ministry of Fuel and Energy, was the transportation of oil and its products, which was soon transferred to Transnefteprodukt and Transneft. The oil industry of Russia has opened a new breath. Now it includes more than one million people.

Today, Russia's oil and gas industry is the main source of government foreign exchange income. The main revenue is exported by the energy carrier both to CIS countries and to distant countries (Austria, Germany, France, Italy, Ireland, Netherlands, Slovakia, Poland, Switzerland, Great Britain). Export capacity is constrained only by the capacity of transport systems.

The domestic market with relatively low domestic prices began to breathe freely. For example, Russian gasoline is much cheaper than foreign analogues. Thanks to the system of oil supplies for state needs, companies sell a certain amount of oil at clearly fixed prices.