Non-diabetes mellitus. Symptoms

Non-diabetes mellitus is a rare endocrine pathology associated with a deficiency of the hormone vasopressin produced by the hypothalamus. Antidiuretic hormone, entering the blood, narrows the blood vessels and promotes the inverse absorption of water, reducing the volume of urine and preventing dehydration. The disease occurs in adults and children of both sexes. People with an age range from 18 to 25 are more often ill.

Symptoms of diabetes insipidus

The main signs of the disease - profuse urination and intense thirst, which torments the patient mainly at night. Within a day, up to 15 liters of urine can emerge, which is almost colorless and has a low density.

In addition, there is irritability, decreased appetite, drowsiness, fatigue, dry skin, weight loss, abnormalities in the work of the digestive tract, decreased sweating, headache. Men have problems with potency, in women - with the menstrual cycle.

Symptoms can have varying degrees of severity, depending on the degree of hormone deficiency. Especially acute is diabetes insipidus in children: urinary incontinence, fever, vomiting, neurological disorders.

From clinical manifestations there is an increase in the bladder, arterial hypotension (low blood pressure), stretching of the stomach.

Types of diabetes insipidus

There are three types of diabetes insipidus: neurogenic (central), nephrogenic and dipsoogenic.

Central diabetes insipidus is associated with a decrease or total cessation of the production of antidiuretic hormone. The main reasons for the development of this form of diabetes are defeats of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, including vascular ones, the development of antibodies to antidiuretic hormones and neurons of the hypothalamus by the immune system.

The cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a decrease in the sensitivity of the renal tubules with normal secretion of antidiuretic hormones. The disease develops on the background of metabolic disorders, chronic kidney pathologies and as a result of taking certain drugs.

Dipsogenic type of the disease occurs with tumors of the hypothalamus or as a result of surgical operations, as a result of which irritation of the centers of thirst arises. In this case, thirst is the primary sign, and frequent urination - secondary.

Diagnosis of diabetes insipidus

The diagnosis of the disease is based on tests. A urinary test is performed. In a day, a healthy person releases 3 liters of urine. In a patient with diabetes insipidus this indicator is several times higher, and the density of urine is lower.

During the second test the patient is offered to refuse drinking for 8 hours. Non-diabetes mellitus is confirmed if the urine density has not increased, and body weight has decreased significantly during this time.

Treatment of diabetes insipidus

If diabetes insipidus is caused by a tumor, then the treatment consists in a surgical intervention, which can be supplemented by irradiation.

For treatment, substitution therapy is used, that is, medicines are prescribed that are an artificial substitute for the hormone vasopressin. The drugs are available in the form of tablets and a spray for the nose.

If vasopressin is produced in the body in insufficient quantities, prescribe drugs that stimulate the natural synthesis of the hormone.

In diabetes insipid diabetes, nutrition is important, which should be frequent. It is recommended to include in the menu more products containing complex carbohydrates: beans, potatoes, cereals.

Prevention

It is believed that diabetes insipid diabetes is associated with diseases of the brain that can develop as a result of the transferred inflammatory diseases. Therefore, prevention is based on the prevention and timely treatment of infections.