Nobel laureates of Russia and the USSR in physics, economics and literature

The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually in Stockholm (Sweden), and also in Oslo (Norway). They are considered the most prestigious international awards. Founded them Alfred Nobel - Swedish inventor, linguist, industrial tycoon, humanist and philosopher. He went down in history as the inventor of dynamite (which was patented in 1867), which played a major role in the industrial development of our planet. In the will made by Alfred Nobel, it was said that all his savings would constitute a fund whose purpose is awarding the prizes to those who managed to bring the greatest benefit to humanity.

Nobel Prize

Today, prizes are awarded in the fields of chemistry, physics, medicine, and literature. Also awarded is the Peace Prize.

Nobel laureates of Russia in literature, physics and economics will be represented in our article. You will get acquainted with their biographies, discoveries, achievements.

The price of the Nobel Prize is high. In 2010, its size was about 1.5 million dollars.

The Nobel Foundation was founded in 1890.

Laureates of the Nobel Prize of Russia

Our country can be proud of the names that have glorified it in the fields of physics, literature, and economics. Nobel laureates of Russia and the USSR in these areas are the following:

• Bunin IA (literature) - 1933.
• Cherenkov PA, Frank IM and Tamm IE (physics) - 1958.
• Pasternak BL (literature) - 1958 year.
• Landau LD (Physics) - 1962.
• Basov NG and Prokhorov AM (Physics) - 1964.
• Sholokhov MA (literature) - 1965.
• Solzhenitsyn AI (literature) - 1970 year.
• Kantorovich LV (Economics) - 1975 year.
• Kapitsa PL (Physics) - 1978.
• Brodsky IA (literature) - 1987 year.
• Alferov Zh.I. (Physics) - 2000 year.
• Abrikosov AA and Ginzburg VL (physics) - 2003;
• Game Andr and Novoselov Konstantin (physics) - 2010 year.

We hope that the list will continue in the coming years. The Nobel laureates of Russia and the USSR, whose names we mentioned above, were not fully represented, but only in such areas as physics, literature and economics. In addition, the figures of our country were also noted in medicine and physiology, chemistry, and also received two World Prizes. But we'll talk about them some other time.

Nobel laureates in physics

Many physicists from our country were awarded this prestigious prize. We will tell more about some of them.

Tamm Igor Evgenevich

Tamm Igor Evgenievich (1895-1971) was born in Vladivostok. He was the son of a civil engineer. During the year he studied in Scotland at the University of Edinburgh, but then returned to his homeland and graduated in 1918 from the Physics Department of Moscow State University. The future scientist went to the front in the First World War, where he served as a brother of mercy. In 1933 he defended his doctoral dissertation, and a year later, in 1934, became a research fellow at the Institute of Physics. Lebedev. This scientist worked in the fields of science, which were little investigated. So, he studied the relativistic (that is, related to the famous theory of relativity proposed by Albert Einstein) quantum mechanics, as well as the theory of the atomic nucleus. At the end of the thirties, together with IM Frank, he succeeded in explaining the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect-the blue glow of a liquid arising under the influence of gamma radiation. It was for this research that he later received the Nobel Prize. But Igor Evgenevich himself considered his main achievements in science as works on the study of elementary particles and the atomic nucleus.

Landau Lev Davidovich

Landau Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) was born in Baku. His father worked as an oil engineer. At the age of thirteen years, the future scientist graduated from the technical school with distinction, and at the age of nineteen, in 1927, he graduated from the Leningrad University. Lev Davidovich continued his education abroad as one of the most gifted graduate students in the field of the ticket for the People's Commissar. Here he took part in seminars conducted by the best European physicists - Paul Dirac and Max Born. Landau, after his return to his homeland, continued his studies. At the age of 26 he reached the doctor's degree, and a year later became a professor. Together with Lifshitz Yevgeny Mikhailovich, one of his students, he developed a course for graduate students and students in theoretical physics. PL Kapitza invited Lev Davidovich to work in his institute in 1937, but several months later the scientist was arrested on false denunciation. He spent the whole year in prison without hope of salvation, and only an appeal to Stalin Kapitza saved his life's life: Landau was released.

The talent of this scientist was multifaceted. He explained such a phenomenon as the fluidity of liquid helium, created his theory of a quantum fluid, and also studied the oscillations of an electron plasma.

Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich

Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich and Basov Nikolai Gennadievich, Nobel laureates of Russia in the field of the science of physics, received this prestigious award for the invention of a laser.

Prokhorov was born in Australia in 1916, where his parents lived since 1911. They were exiled to Siberia by the tsarist government, and then fled abroad. In 1923, the entire family of the future scientist returned to the USSR. Alexander Mikhailovich graduated with honors from the physics department of Leningrad University and worked since 1939 at the Institute. Lebedev. His scientific achievements are connected with radiophysics. The scientist has taken a great interest in radio spectroscopy since 1950 and together with Basov Nikolay Gennadievich has developed so-called mazers - molecular generators. Due to this invention, a method for creating concentrated radio emission has been found. Similar studies, independently of Soviet colleagues, were conducted by Charles Townes, an American physicist, so the committee members decided to share this award between him and Soviet scientists.

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich

Let's continue the list of "Nobel laureates of Russia in physics". Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (1894-1984) was born in Kronstadt. His father was a military man, a lieutenant-general, and his mother a collector of folklore and a famous teacher. P.L. Kapitsa in 1918 graduated from the Institute in St. Petersburg, where he studied with Ioffe Abram Fedorovich, an outstanding physicist. In the conditions of civil war and revolution it was impossible to engage in science. Kapitsa's wife, as well as two of his children, died during the typhus epidemic. The scientist moved to England in 1921. Here he worked in the famous Cambridge, university center, and its scientific leader was Ernest Rutherford, a well-known physicist. In 1923, Peter Leonidovich became a doctor of science, and two years later - one of the members of Trinity College - a privileged association of scientists.

Petr Leonidovich was mainly engaged in experimental physics. Especially he was interested in the physics of low temperatures. Especially for his research in the UK with the help of Rutherford, a laboratory was built, and by 1934 the scientist had created a unit designed for the liquefaction of helium. Petr Leonidovich was often at home in these years, and during the visits the leadership of the Soviet Union persuaded the scientist to stay. In 1930-1934, a laboratory was specially built for him in our country. In the end, he was simply not released from the USSR during his next visit. Therefore Kapitza continued his research already here, and he succeeded in 1938 to discover the phenomenon of superfluidity. For this in 1978 he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

Game Andr and Novoselov Konstantin

Geim André and Novoselov Konstantin, Nobel laureates of Russia in physics, received this honorable award in 2010 for the discovery of graphene. This is a new material that allows you to significantly increase the speed of the Internet. As it turned out, it can catch, and also convert to electric energy the amount of light, more than 20 times, than all previously known materials. The discovery is dated 2004. So the list "Nobel laureates of Russia of 21 centuries" has been added up.

Literature Prizes

Our country has always been famous for its artistic creativity. People with sometimes conflicting ideas and views - Nobel laureates of Russia in literature. So, AI Solzhenitsyn and IA Bunin were opponents of Soviet power. But MA Sholokhov was known as a convinced communist. However, all the winners of the Nobel Prize of Russia were united by one talent. For him they were awarded this prestigious award. "How many Nobel laureates in Russia in literature?" - you ask. We answer: there are only five of them. Now we will introduce you to some of them.

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) was born in Moscow in the family of Leonid Osipovich Pasternak, a famous artist. The mother of the future writer, Rosalie Isidorovna, was a talented pianist. Perhaps that's why Boris Leonidovich dreamed of the composer's career as a child, he even learned music from Scriabin himself. But the love of poetry won. Glory to Boris Leonidovich brought poetry, and the novel "Doctor Zhivago", dedicated to the fate of the Russian intelligentsia, condemned him to severe trials. The fact is that the editors of one literary magazine, to which the author offered his manuscript, considered this work as anti-Soviet and refused to publish it. Then Boris Leonidovich transferred his creation abroad, to Italy, where it was published in 1957. Soviet colleagues the fact of publishing the novel in the West was sharply condemned, and Boris Leonidovich was expelled from the Writers' Union. But it was this novel that made him the Nobel laureate. Beginning in 1946, the writer and poet were nominated for this prize, but were awarded it only in 1958.

The awarding of this honorable award to such, in the opinion of many, anti-Soviet work in the homeland caused the indignation of the authorities. As a result, Boris Leonidovich, under the threat of expulsion from the USSR, was forced to refuse to receive the Nobel Prize. Only 30 years later, Yevgeny Borisovich, the son of a great writer, received a medal and a diploma for his father.

Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich

The fate of Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich was no less dramatic and interesting. He was born in 1918 in the city of Kislovodsk, and childhood and the young years of the future Nobel laureate were held in Rostov-on-Don and Novocherkassk. After graduating from the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Rostov University, Alexander Isaevich was a teacher and at the same time received an education in absentia in Moscow, at the Literary Institute. After the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the future laureate of the most prestigious peace prize went to the front.

Solzhenitsyn was arrested shortly before the end of the war. The reason for this was his criticism of Joseph Stalin, found in the writings of the writer by military censorship. Only in 1953, after the death of Joseph Vissarionovich, he was released. The magazine "New World" in 1962 published the first novel of this author called "One Day of Ivan Denisovich", which tells about the life of people in the camp. Literary magazines most of Solzhenitsyn's next works were refused to be printed. The reason was called their anti-Soviet orientation. But Alexander Isaevich did not give up. Like Pasternak, he sent his manuscripts abroad, where they were published. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. At the presentation ceremony in Stockholm, the writer did not go, as the Soviet authorities did not allow him to leave the country. In the USSR, representatives of the Nobel Committee, who were going to present the prize to the laureate in his homeland, were also not allowed.

As for the writer's further fate, in 1974 he was deported from the country. At first he lived in Switzerland, then moved to the US, where he was awarded with a long delay the Nobel Prize. In the West, such well-known works as The Gulag Archipelago, In the First Circle, and the Cancer Corps were published. Solzhenitsyn returned to Russia in 1994.

These are the Nobel laureates of Russia. The list will be supplemented with one more name, which can not be ignored.

Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich

We will tell you about another great Russian literary writer, Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov. His fate was different from that of opponents of Soviet power (Pasternak and Solzhenitsyn), because it was supported by the state. Mikhail Aleksandrovich (1905-1980) was born on the Don. He then described the village of Veshenskaya, her small homeland, in many works. Mikhail Sholokhov finished only 4 classes of the school. He took an active part in the civil war, supervising the detachment of bread from the well-to-do Cossacks by suborder. The future writer already in his youth felt his calling. In 1922 he came to Moscow, and several months later he began to publish his first stories in magazines and newspapers. In 1926 there were collections "Azure steppe", as well as "Don stories". In 1925, work began on the novel "Quiet Flows the Don", dedicated to the life of the Cossacks at a turning point (civil war, revolution, World War I). In 1928, the light of the first part of this work, and in the 30's it was completed, becoming the pinnacle of Sholokhov's work. In 1965, the writer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Nobel laureates of Russia in economics

Our country in this sphere has shown itself not so much as in literature and physics, where there are many Russian laureates. So far, only one of our compatriots has received a prize in economics. Let's talk more about it.

Kantorovich Leonid Vitalyevich

Nobel laureates of Russia in economics are represented by just one name. Kantorovich Leonid Vitalievich (1912-1986) is the only economist from Russia, awarded this prize. A scientist was born in the family of a doctor in St. Petersburg. His parents fled to Belarus during the Civil War, where they lived a year. Vitaly Kantorovich, father of Leonid Vitalievich, died in 1922. In 1926, the future scientist entered the above-mentioned Leningrad University, where he studied, in addition to natural disciplines, modern history, political economy, mathematics. He graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics at the age of 18, in 1930. After that, Kantorovich remained at the university as a teacher. At 22, Leonid Vitalievich became a professor, and a year later - and a doctor. In 1938 he was appointed as a consultant to the laboratory of a plywood factory, where he was tasked with creating a method for the distribution of various resources that would maximize productivity. So the method of foundry programming was based. In 1960, the scientist moved to Novosibirsk, where at that time a computer center was created, the most advanced in the country. Here he continued his research. In Novosibirsk, the scientist lived until 1971. During this period he received the Lenin Prize. In 1975, he was awarded jointly with T. Kupmans the Nobel Prize, which he received for his contribution to the theory of resource allocation.

These are the main Nobel laureates of Russia. 2014 was marked by the receipt of this award by Patrick Modiano (literature), Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura (physicist). Jean Tyrol received an award in the field of economics. Among them, Nobel laureates of Russia are not present. 2013 also did not bring this honorable award to our compatriots. All laureates were representatives of other states.