Motor skills and skills are usually called ... Development of motor skills in children

It is customary to call motor skills and skills the acquired possibility of performing motor actions that arise on the basis of certain knowledge, experience, and repetitions of the elements studied. On the part of the management, skills and abilities are characterized by varying degrees of ownership of the physical actions carried out.

Movement skill

The motor skill is the level of mastering the action, which is accompanied by control by thinking. Among the characteristic differences between skill and skill are the following:

• Manual control;
• Subconscious control;
• Slowness in the implementation of actions;
• The presence of a significant degree of fatigue, due to uneconomical waste of energy;
• Presence of relative fragmentation of elements;
• Instability;
• Lack of lasting memorization.

The process of further mastery of motor actions turns skill into skill. Thus, the motor skill is a kind of degree of possession of actions for which the use of thinking is actively used. The ability to perform new elements is in the presence of such prerequisites as the necessary amount of knowledge about the technique of execution, the availability of experience and sufficient physical preparedness. Creative thinking also plays an important role in the management of movements.

Basic motor skills are characterized by the power of ownership of technology, which is highlighted by increased concentration. The concentration of thinking focuses on each element of the actions that are involved in the movement being studied.

Characteristics of the skill

The motor skill is, above all, a great educational value, because it has the main thing - the activation of creative thinking aimed at the synthesis and analysis of each movement. From the point of view of physical education, the skills pursue different goals. On the one hand, they bring to the skills when it is necessary to achieve perfect techniques for owning actions. On the other hand, the development of motor skills is possible without the transition to skills afterwards. In this case they are an auxiliary factor. For example, to assimilate the material of the school curriculum on physical culture, it is sufficient to master the initial knowledge.

Thus, skill is the improvement of motor actions, which, when repeated, stimulates the activation of their performance. This process is nothing more than the transition of skill to skill. This can be achieved only under the condition of constant refinement and correction of movements. The result is the stability and the fusion of each executed element, and, most importantly, the appearance of an automated character of motion control.

There are two types of motor skills:

• The first kind is expressed in the implementation of holistic activity;
• The second kind implies the implementation of separate, different in structure and complexity of movements.

Holistic motor activity is directly related to the need to make decisions spontaneously, for example, during a game or fight. In this case, the motor skills are based and characterized by the creative use of previously learned physical qualities and actions.

The implementation of separate movements, different in complexity and structure, gradually turns into skill. This process is accompanied by the development of actions with knowledge of the initial technique of implementation, which leads to a gradual improvement of skills. Pre-automatic movements are a great didactic value, because they are formed due to the active participation of the trainee and are taught to analyze the essence of the tasks assigned. The material of any compiled program should be mastered at the level of skills, as they are not only useful, but also necessary.

In the further process of mastering motor actions at the level of skill with the obligatory increase in the number of repetitions, remembering each element and action is carried out more firmly. As learning and mastering, the skill gradually becomes a skill.

The concept of the formation and development of motor skills

The motor skill is a certain degree of possession of movements, provided automation of their performance. In this case, a minimal control of consciousness behind the performed actions is carried out, since it is directed solely at controlling the nodal components of each element: the perception of the environment and the final result. The notion of "motor skill" is, for example, focusing on controlling speed when running or changing the terrain when traveling with skis. The defining and valuable feature of the motor skill is the automation of motion control. Consciousness is freed from the need for constant control over the details, which allows you to focus on the result and condition of the actions performed.

The development of motor skills depends on the following factors:

• Giftedness - the availability of abilities for certain types of activities;
• Motor experience - the possession of certain knowledge;
• The age of a person - in childhood development of movements occurs much faster;
• Coordination - complex traffic techniques require more time for training;
• Professional skills of the teacher;
• Level of awareness, activity and motivation in the student.

The motor skill is the highest stage of mastering the actions, which is important in the physical culture, sports, educational, domestic and labor activities. The acquired opportunities can be kept for a long time (for several years). This is confirmed by the fact that people who stopped playing sports can in a few years accurately reproduce the technique of sporting activities.

What are the skills

The concept of "motor skill" is today known for two types of awareness of the activities performed. First of all, it is a question of the technical side of actions, when a person takes into account all the constituent elements of movements. The second type can be referred to the stage of implementation, when the elements are already to some extent mastered. In this case, only the goal is realized, that is, attention is directed to the result.

Motor skill is the ability to perform automated parts of movements in the knowledge of purposeful activity. A special focus is not required. In this case, only consciousness is active, which affects the quality of the performance of particular actions.

The processes of physical perception are associated with the formation of motor skills. Depending on the conditions under which they were formed, the following types of skills can be distinguished:

• Unformed, formed;
• Old, young;
• Complex, simple;
• Complex, disjointed;
• Flexible, template.

Formation of motor skills

The formation of skills has its own characteristics. For them, the unevenness and gradual development are inherent, the demonstration dynamics of education are graphically represented by A.C. Punin:

1. "Negative acceleration" - represents a steep rise in the curve at the very beginning of the learning process. Further, the rise becomes insignificant due to the slowing down of the training course. This means that for a person is characterized by a rapid mastering of the basis of action, and the details require much more time. A similar type of formation is observed in the example of studying simple motor elements, when simple movements are mastered instantly.
2. "Positive acceleration" - the formation of motor skills and skills is carried out with great difficulty due to inaccuracies and errors. Further, the increase in the quality curve increases sharply. This type of development is inherent in complex long-term actions, in which imperceptible externally qualitative changes subsequently give a big leap.
3. "Plateau" - the formation of skills is in place. There is a clear delay in progression. The emergence of this process is twofold: first, it can cause the presence of factors inhibiting the progress of the improvement (illness, lack of physical preparation); second, the place may have a change in the structural structure of a certain skill (introducing new techniques into the execution tactic).

The development of motor skills and skills occurs from the very childhood, therefore it is important for the child to properly lay the basics of such skills. Motor skills and motor qualities in childhood are the primary sign of the developmental level of the baby. These criteria are considered to be leading to assess the overall development of the child.

Motor skills in children

Methods of training motor skills should be selected very carefully. It is important to pay special attention to the physical activity of a child between 3 and 5 years of age. It is during this age period that the skills, and accordingly the skills of the child, are formed, which in the future affects the general perceptions of human consciousness. For 2 years, the development of muscles necessary for the performance of movements takes place. At this age, there is a formation of fine motor skills and motor skills. To achieve the maximum efficiency of the child's physical development , one should use tactics in the game form.

Game methods of teaching motor skills allow you to influence not only the muscles, but also the subconscious of the child. This several times increases the efficiency of the technique used.

Development of common skills for preschool children

The development of motor skills in preschool children should occur through properly organized activities aimed at activating thinking, training memory, manifesting initiative, developing imagination and self-reliance. This contributes to the formation not only of motor skills, but also of patriotism, internationalism, collectivism, steadfastness, purposefulness, courage and determination. The motor skills and skills formed in preschool children are the foundation for improvement in the future. This makes it easier to master the more complex movements and helps to achieve high sports results in the future.

Skills and skills, accumulated in childhood, contribute to the improvement of physical qualities and health. This allows you to strengthen the body and master labor activities. Collective performance of physical exercises, harmony and cohesion of all actions, expressiveness and beauty of each movement, free possession of all parts of the body and good posture are factors that develop a person's aesthetic needs.

Features of the formation of skills in children

It is customary to call motor skills and skills the development of human activity of a theoretical and practical nature. From the point of view of pedagogical experience, such formation of motor skills in children is the most complicated process, during which it is necessary to overcome a lot of difficulties. In certain cases, it is almost impossible to achieve accuracy and differentiation in the movements performed.

There is a possibility of developing inert skills that are not flexible enough, which the child can not easily transfer to new conditions. In order to develop rational methods for teaching children skills, preliminary psychological and physiological studies should be carried out in advance, which should be aimed at revealing the general patterns of the formation of skills and the age aspects of the process.

From a pedagogical point of view, it is customary to call motor skills and skills The development of basic movements, the effectiveness of achieving which are meaningful and structural and functional changes. Orientation of this process is based on the search for conditions, means and mechanisms of the developing environment that contributes to the physical development of a person from childhood.

Lack of motor activity due to lack of proper level of skills significantly affects children's health and leads to abnormal changes in posture and deformation of the feet. According to the research, about 60% of diseases are laid as early as childhood. Motor skills at any age act as a health factor. This is due to the fact that the correct psychological and pedagogical approach is a powerful optimizing factor, the leading side of which is the increase in emotional and muscle tone.

Motor skills and habits are usually called motor activity in any form, which is the age-related capabilities of the child and is a health factor. This explains the high efficiency of various forms and methods of conducting classes, which are based on the overall impact on the child's body in combination with physical exercises.

Perfection of motor skills and abilities

There are many tools with which you can improve the motor skills and abilities in children. Among a wide range of possibilities it is necessary to distinguish the following:

• Systematic physical education;
• A variety of outdoor games;
• Daily excursions and walks;
• Planned physical education during the training sessions;
• Sports and entertainment.

The method of developing skills and habits includes conducting a continuous, socially-organized cohesive work of the family and preschool institutions. An important role in this process is focused, logical and consistent use of a variety of ways of development and the formation of physical qualities. These include the regime of the day, hardening, physical exercises, personal hygiene and rational nutrition.

With correctly designed training points, it is possible to organize an effective methodology that includes everything necessary for the development of the child's physical qualities. For each age period, you should use the appropriate training option to not stop the process of building the child's capabilities. It is not recommended to take educational measures before the due date, because this can cause misperception of the goals set for children.

Theoretical bases of formation of motor skills and abilities

It is customary to call motor skills and skills, from a theoretical point of view, a powerful biological stimulator of the vital functions of a growing organism. The basic physiological feature of the child is the need for movement, which is a condition for the normal development and formation of the organism as a whole. Today the relevance of this topic has increased significantly, which is associated with a lack of movement (hypodynamia). Motor activity is a powerful biological stimulator of vital functions of the body, the need for it is the main physiological feature of the child and is an important condition for the normal development of the body.

The most important tasks that determine the importance of physical education include:

• Formation of a healthy, tempered, strong, responsive, initiative and cheerful child;
• The development of automatism in the possession of movements and love for physical and sports exercises;
• Increasing the capacity for training in general education institutions;
• Development of active creative abilities.

The formation of motor skills and skills is carried out from birth. Given the pattern of potential opportunities for children in each age period, the theory of physical education of man provides for a whole list of requirements related to the scientifically based program of the generally accepted educational and educational complex. The assimilation of this program provides every child with the appropriate level of physical fitness.