Means of communication of sentences in the text: examples. Means of communication of sentences in the text, types of communication

To convey to the people around me or myself the meaning of what I want to say, people use text that can be expressed in written or oral speech, aloud or mentally. Usually it consists of several related in meaning and grammatical sentences. Russian text in its structure may differ from the presentation and construction of sentences and phrases in other languages.

The concept of text

Any text should bear the semantic load and have a clearly traced line of narration. The theme of the text is what is being discussed. It is created to convey information to any selected topic, transmitted in the form of separate proposals, united by a common semantic content.

Each subsequent sentence in the text may contain a microtext that helps to reveal a common theme. In turn, a consistent presentation of the main idea reveals the idea of the text, that is, for the sake of which it was created.

The theme and idea of the text are always interconnected and form the content of the statement. The main idea can be expressed in one of the sentences or sound in the title. In order for the text to be meaningful, there are ways to link sentences.

In addition, each text has a clear structure and attributes that define it as a linguistic unit.

Characteristics of the text

To determine whether a sentence is a text, you should know what is characteristic of it:

• First, the text is always informative, therefore, whatever the types of linkages of sentences, each new sentence serves to reveal the main theme, and not the repetition of the same thing.
• Secondly, connectivity, since each subsequent sentence is connected in meaning with the previous ones.
• Thirdly, wholeness, which is created by the unity of the topic and the main idea within the scope of the disclosed content.
• Fourthly, the text has a completeness, what happens when the main idea is conveyed to the listener or reader.

• Fifthly, the text can always be "dismembered" into smaller parts, for example, paragraphs.
• Sixthly, the text should be correlated with a situation, real or imagined, which the listener or reader can understand and understand.

On these grounds, you can determine whether the proposals are part of the text or not related to each other.

Text structure

In the product of the sentence, they are linked to each other with the help of:

• Local communication, for example, by paragraph;
• Global communication, which consists in perceiving the meaning of the whole text;
• Contact, when complementary proposals stand side by side;
• Remote communication, in which the components of speech are separated by explanatory parts of the text.

Another indicator of the text is its structure, which includes the introduction, the central part and the conclusion (conclusion).

Chain link sentences in the text

The ways of connection of sentences are divided into lexical, morphological, structural-semantic and syntactic level. At the structural and semantic level, the chain and parallel types of communication are distinguished. The chain link between sentences assumes that each subsequent statement reveals the meaning of the previous one. This happens with the application of:

• Lexical repetition ;
• Synonyms;
• Replace words.

Examples of means of communication of sentences in the text :

• The legend said that behind a high snow-capped mountain there is a beautiful city of abundance and happiness. In that city there is no disease and poverty, and every inhabitant is expected to have eternal life. Eternal life without war, without hunger and old age forced the brave to go in search of a mysterious city. Proposals are connected with the use of lexical repetition, in which the main idea of the previous statement is revealed in the next after it.

• I watched the new movie. The comedy was really funny. In this type of connection, synonyms that replace each other are used: the film is a comedy.
• I read an interesting book. She captured my mind for the next few days. Proposals involve the use of the replacement of the word book by the pronoun it .

When words are replaced, the most frequently used are pointers and personal pronouns, pronominal adverbs and union words. Also often apply such types of connection of sentences as a verbal pass, for example:

• It was getting dark. In the sky the first stars . Regardless of the miss word, the meaning of the text is understandable and means that when the evening comes, the first stars appear in the sky.

Parallel Connections

Parallel connection of sentences in the text implies that they are completely independent and do not complement each other. With such a connection, they are either contrasted, or are compared with each other, or are an enumeration of something.

This type of connection corresponds to the same order of words, and members of sentences have the same grammatical forms. Most often, the parallel connection of sentences is used by the authors to sketch a more accurate picture of what is happening through the description. Since each of the sentences in this text is independent, they expand the "boundaries" of the event. This can be manifested through various techniques.

Examples of means of communication of sentences in the text:

1. Here was the first cry of a rooster. Here the sky was brightened in the east. There is only one star left in the sky. And then came the morning of a new day. The identical beginning of each sentence unites them into a single text that conveys the description of the event - this is anaphoric parallelism.

2. The first drops of rain fell on the asphalt. Passers-by began to get umbrellas. In this example, the parallel connection of sentences in the text is carried out by merging one phenomenon - rain - this is a logical type of communication.
3. The car left the garage. The street was still empty and quiet. The sun was just rising over the city. Similar proposals are combined by means of their juxtaposition.

Parallel connection of sentences in the text can be combined with a chain one and form a parallel-chain sequence.

Parallel chain connection

Parallel chain is called a link, when both these types are applied in one text. The second sentence is connected with the first parallel connection, and the third relates to the second and is connected with it by a chain link.

Examples of a means of linking sentences in the text using a parallel-chain view:

• The most interesting was the chemistry cabinet. What could be in test tubes and flasks on the teacher's table? What portraits of great scientists and tables with obscure signs hang on the wall - everything was new for the students who got here for the first time. The second and third sentences are interconnected by a chain link using the same origin, while the first and the second are connected by a logical parallel link.
• On the street it became sharply colder. On the thermometer, mercury dropped to zero. He showed a minus temperature, which meant that the winter was not going to give up so easily. The first and second sentences are independent, and they are united by one phenomenon - cooling, while the third sentence is associated with a second chain connection by means of word substitution.

With this form of communication, a more complete disclosure of the events or enumerations described is carried out.

Lexical connection of sentences

In the lexical form of the connection of sentences, the Russian text is overloaded with the repetition of the same or single-root words. This style of presentation of the text is inherent in the official and business style, and in fiction - description. For example:

• There lived a grandfather and a woman. Grandfather and the woman did not have children .
• History is the science of people's activities in the past. In the past, which existed before the emergence of a reasonable man, and before the events that took place yesterday, everything becomes history.

Also, the lexical connection of sentences involves the replacement of words with synonyms or antonyms or their generic relationship. Examples of means of communication of sentences in the text:

• The fortress appeared on the horizon. The Citadel became more and more formidable as it approached it. Replacement with synonyms.

• One of the elongated matches was short. The other is long. Antonyms are used.

Thus, the sentences "cling" in the text with the help of lexical connections.

Syntactic means of communication

At this type of connection, the sentences are completely identical in their structure. This method is called syntactic parallelism, for example:

" You have to be the best." You have to be better than yesterday.

The consistency of sentences (combining them into a single whole with the same typical value) is used for parallel communication, for example:

- Ducks and swans were swimming near the shore. In complete silence, there was an expectation, when another observer would throw pieces of bread into the lake's waters. Beginning fuss and hubbub.

In the syntactic connection, words that fasten sentences in a single text are often used: in this way, as discussed above and the like.

Morphological means of communication

When morphological types of communication are most often used:

• The substitution of nouns for pronouns - There are many trees in the forest. By what prevails, one can judge its composition. Nouns are replaced by pronouns.
• Verbs of the same time and type - Suddenly a flurry of wind came. Umbrella wrenched from his hands. Verbs of the passive species stand in the past tense.

• Particles and opening words - He was wrong. Consequently, his friends did not support him.

Morphological connection is most often used in artistic texts of descriptive or narrative character.