Large machine-building plants of Russia

Russia is an industrial country with a centuries-old history of industrial development. Accordingly, the machine-building plants of Russia play a leading role in the country's economy. In the total volume of industrial production, the share of machine-building products is in the range of 20%. This is a good average world level, however, it needs to be increased, as in a number of industrially developed countries this figure is close to 40% or more.

The place of the industry in the industry of Russia

The Russian engineering industry in the structure of the national economy disputes the first place with the fuel industry and far exceeds other branches of the national economy. After the collapse of the USSR, its share in the "total moneybox" from 28% (1990) fell to 16% (1995), but then a smooth recovery began. By the beginning of the 21st century, indicators had increased to 19%, and by 2015 - to 22%.

In 2013, the machine-building plants of Russia earned 190 billion dollars (6 trillion rubles). In total, there are 19 industrial complexes in the Russian Federation, more than a hundred sub-sectors and separate industries. In engineering, over 40,000 enterprises of all levels and different forms of ownership are involved (of which 2,000 are large), which is one third of the total number of industrial enterprises. The industry employs one-third of the total working population: more than 4.5 million people (3.5 million of whom are workers). A large number of employees determine the social importance of the industry in ensuring employment of the population.

Historical reference

The peoples on the territory of Russia processed metals from time immemorial. In the Urals, ancient settlements were discovered, where metal was melted and various products were manufactured from it more than 6000 years ago. In Kievan Rus already in the X century there were large workshops that manufactured complex products. In the XII century our ancestors mastered turning and milling machines. However, the first machine-building plants in Russia appeared in the 16th century. They were connected with the weapons business and were stationed in Tula. The production was based on local iron ore, but it was small, scattered and unsystematic.

Revolutionary changes in the industry occurred under Peter I, who led an active expansion policy. His army needed more modern weapons, ammunition, equipment. With the discovery of large deposits of iron ore in the Urals, machine-building enterprises, mainly weapons, were also created there.

Locomotive industry

The breadth of the spectrum of manufactured products leads to the fact that many large machine-building plants of Russia, being exclusive manufacturers of certain types of products, at the same time have relatively small sales volumes in monetary terms. With the largest Russian companies in the fuel industry, metallurgy and petrochemistry, only AvtoVAZ, Sukhoi, GAZ, SOK and KAMAZ are comparable in terms of sales.

The leading ones are, in the main, car manufacturing enterprises (the sub-sector of civil engineering with the largest share in the structure of output of machine-building products) and the military-industrial complex, while the total number of large machine-building enterprises (with an annual turnover of more than 5 billion rubles) is relatively small.

Holdings and FIGs

In recent years, the Russian engineering industry has taken the path of forming holdings and financial-industrial groups (FIGs). At the same time, there is a further development of machine-building companies and holdings created in previous years (United Machine Buildings, Power Engineering Corporation, New Programs and Concepts, etc.), and the formation of new groups created on the basis of capital earned in other industries. The most visible expansion in the engineering industry of metallurgical companies, which resulted in the formation in the automotive industry of a powerful FPG "RusPromAuto" and a group of automotive enterprises "Severstal". As a result, in most sub-sectors, one or several large companies (groups) have taken shape, occupying a dominant position in them.

The largest machine-building plants in Russia

The list of enterprises with more than 12,000 employees fell by an order of magnitude (from 120 to several dozen). Top-10 companies in the number of people working for them over the past decade has undergone drastic changes. A number of factories are actually bankrupt, others significantly reduced staff. For example, we give a comparative table of giants of mechanical engineering at the peak of its development and today.

A more detailed list of major operating companies by region is as follows.

Central Federal District

In the west of Russia high-tech enterprises of the military-industrial complex are concentrated (in particular, aircraft and rocketry, air defense and radar systems, firearms, wheeled vehicles), the space industry, and a wide range of diesel engines, railway equipment, machinery and equipment. In the Kaluga region operates a whole cluster of auto manufacturers of foreign manufacturers. Meanwhile, domestic auto giants AZLK and ZIL have lost their former greatness.

• Enterprises of East Kazakhstan region Almaz-Antey (the total number of employees of the concern is 98,000 people). Includes Moscow Avangard Engineering Plant (production of anti-aircraft missiles), Dolgoprudnoye NPP (anti-aircraft missile systems), NPO LEMZ (radar stations), Moscow Radio Engineering Plant (radio equipment) and others.
• GKNPTS them. MV Khrunichev (43,500 people, Moscow) is a leading enterprise in the rocket and space industry. Develops and produces rocket-carriers "Proton", "Angara".
• Moscow Machine-Building Plant "Znamya Truda" and RSK MiG (14500 people, Moscow) - production of MiG fighters.
• Car factories of foreign companies: Renault Russia (Avtoframos, 2300 people, Moscow), PSMA Rus (PSA Peugeot Citroen and Mitsubishi, Kaluga Region), Volkswagen Group Rus (Kaluga Region), Volvo Vostok »(Kaluga region) and others.
• RSC Energia (Korolev) is the world's leading space-rocket company.
• MIC "NPO Mashinostroenia" (18000 people, Reutov) - rocket and space technology.
• MZ "ZiO-Podolsk" (4,700 people) - equipment for nuclear power plants and thermal power stations.
• Kolomna Plant (6400 people) - diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, diesel equipment.
• Bryansk Engineering Plant (6800 people) - diesel locomotives, wagons.
• "Avtodizel" (Yaroslavl Automobile Plant) - the production of engines.

North-West Federal District

The largest machine-building plants of Russia are concentrated in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. Local shipbuilding yards occupy a leading position in the construction of military and civilian vessels. Among the domestic flagships with huge shop sizes (200 hectares in the center of the city) is the Kirov Tractor Plant, whose main income was the lease of space, rather than the production of profile products. In the neighborhood, in Vsevolozhsk, there is a large Ford plant. Another machine-building center of the region is the city of Severodvinsk, where submarines are being built.

• "Sevmash" (25000 people, Severodvinsk) - construction of submarines.
• Shipbuilding plants in St. Petersburg: Admiralty Shipyards (the first enterprise of the city, 8000 people), Baltiysky Zavod (4000 people), Severnaya Verf (3,500 people), Sredne-Nevsky (about 1,000 people) .
• Production of equipment for the power industry: the Leningrad Metal Plant (in 2017 marks the 160th anniversary, produces turbines), Electrosila (generators), Izhorskiye Zavody (equipment for nuclear power plants, excavators).
• Automobile companies Ford, Toyota, Nissan, Hyundai, General Motors, MAN, Scania.
• LOMO (Petersburg) - optical instruments.
• Kirov Tractor Plant (8000 people) - the production of tractors "Kirovets", various equipment.

Southern FD

The main driving force of machine-building in the region is the production of agricultural machinery and equipment for energy. The large car manufacturer TagAZ and Volgograd Tractor Plant are declared bankrupt.

• The machine-building enterprise "Rostselmash" (10,000 people, Rostov-on-Don) - production of combine harvesters "Don" and other agricultural machinery.
• "Red Boiler" (4,400 people, Taganrog) - a major manufacturer of boiler equipment.
• Atommash (Volgodonsk) is a leading supplier of equipment for nuclear power plants and thermal power plants.
• PA Barrikady (3300 people, Volgograd) is a diversified enterprise (artillery, missile systems, equipment for nuclear power plants and oil and gas sphere).

Privolzhsky Federal District

The region has well-known machine-building plants in Russia: AvtoVAZ, GAZ, Tyazhmash, KamAZ, UAZ, Kalashnikov and others. The range of products is extensive: from bearings (1/4 of the domestic market) to unique equipment for energy, from cars to airplanes.

• AvtoVAZ (52000 people, Togliatti) is the flagship in terms of the number of cars produced.
• "Tyazhmash" (7000 people, Syzran) - equipment for heavy industry.
• Automotive plants of the "GAZ" group: Gorky Automobile Plant (small and medium-tonnage trucks, military equipment, cars), Pavlovsky Bus (PAZ), Ulyanovsk Motor Plant and others.
• KamAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny) is a leading manufacturer of domestic trucks.
• The arms factories of Izhevsk: Kalashnikov (formerly Izhmash, 4,500 people), Izhevsky Mechanical Plant (7,000 people).
• Aircraft industry of Bashkiria: UMPO (21000 people, UFA) - aircraft engines, UPPO (Ufa) - aircraft, KumAPP (Kumertau) - production and repair of helicopters of the "KA" series.
• Perm Engine Complex (12,000 people) - rocket and aircraft engines.
• Motovilikha plants (7000 people, Perm) are weapons.
• UAZ (Ulyanovsk) - off-road cars and minibuses.
• Aviastar-SP (10,000 people, Ulyanovsk) is the largest aircraft building plant (Tu, An, Il planes).

The Ural FD

The Urals are not accidentally called the heart of Russia's industry. The presence of rich deposits of minerals and an important strategic location have become prerequisites for the location of large industrial enterprises here, mainly related to the processing of metals and the defense complex. The most powerful centers of mechanical engineering are Ekaterinburg and Nizhny Tagil.

• "Uralvagonzavod" (27000 people, Nizhny Tagil) is one of the flagships of the domestic engineering industry. Produces a wide range of products: from freight cars to tanks. The Uraltransmash branch (Yekaterinburg) produces self-propelled artillery and trams.
• Uralmash (14000 people, Yekaterinburg) is the leader in the production of drilling, mining, metallurgical equipment.
• ZiK (Yekaterinburg) - anti-aircraft missile systems, communal equipment.
• Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (13000 people) - tractors, road construction equipment, engines to them.
• Automobile plant "Ural" (13,500 people, Miass) - trucks.
• "Kurganmashzavod" (4800 people, Kurgan) - military equipment (infantry fighting vehicles, tractors).
• Zlatoust machine-building plant - rocket technology.

Siberian Federal District

Machine-building production is focused on the military-industrial complex, aircraft construction and production of equipment for mining. Many basic enterprises are bankrupt or close to this. The industry in this region needs modernization and support.

• Aerospace enterprises: NAPO them. V.P. Chkalov (6000 people, Novosibirsk) - production of Sukhoi aircraft; Polet (4,500 people, Omsk) - An aircraft, satellites of the GLONAS system, rocket and space technology; Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant (6000 people) is one of the largest aircraft manufacturers: Mi helicopters and Su planes; Irkutsk Aviation Plant - aircraft "Su", "Yak", "MS", components for Airbus; "Information Satellite Systems" (8000 people, Zheleznogorsk) - satellites for various purposes and communication systems.
• "Tyazhstankogidropress" (Novosibirsk) - the leading manufacturer of hydraulic presses, machine tools, pumps.
• Radioworks for them. AS Popova (Omsk) - radio engineering and communication systems.
• "Altayvagon" (7000 people, Novoaltaysk) - production of wagons.
• The machine-building enterprise LRRZ (6000 people, Ulan-Ude) - production and repair of locomotives and electric trains.

Far Eastern Federal District

Presented by individual large enterprises:

• KnAAZ them. Gagarin (13,500 people, Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - the leading airline of the country. The military (family Su, PAK FA) and civil (Sukhoi Superjet) aircraft, components for Boeing are produced.
• Enterprises shipbuilding and ship repair: Amur Shipyard (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - previously produced nuclear submarines, now military and civilian vessels; Dalzavod (Vladivostok); Primorskiy plant (Nakhodka), Nakhodka shipyard.

Conclusion

Russian engineering industry is going through hard times. Despite the rather powerful industrial potential, most of the flagships have reduced production, many frankly survive. The industry is in dire need of reforming, modernization of machine tools and equipment, a new approach to management. Meanwhile, new highly efficient enterprises are being built, mainly medium and small. Second-hand factories for the production of military products received second wind. Great interest is shown by foreign partners, especially automakers. With integrated state support and a private initiative, machine building can make a much greater contribution to the economy of the country.