Housing and communal services - what is it? Housing and utilities. Quality and cost of housing and communal services

представляет собой одну из ключевых экономических отраслей в стране. The HCS system is one of the key economic sectors in the country. It covers a large production and technical complex. For his services and products, demand is always high. Let's consider in detail details of housing and communal services. аббревиатуры также будет указана в статье. The decoding of the abbreviation will also be indicated in the article.

General information

включает в себя общественные, жилые сооружения, транспортные, эксплуатационные и иные объекты. The housing and communal services system includes public, residential buildings, transport, operational and other facilities. All of them form a complex socio-economic complex. The effectiveness of its activities depends on the state of infrastructure facilities and directly the environment of citizens. ? Housing and communal services - what is it ? This is primarily an independent economic sphere. Its key task is to meet the needs of citizens and organizations in services through which normal working and living conditions are ensured.

Problems

– сфера, в которой решается множество актуальных вопросов. Housing and communal services (housing and communal services) - the sphere in which many topical issues are solved. Many of them become aggravated with the onset of cold weather. In what areas does housing and communal services work ? этой аббревиатуры говорит сама за себя. The interpretation of this abbreviation speaks for itself. The key areas of this area are providing the main resources of the population and organization - electricity, water, heat. In some regions, the situation is rather complicated. The most acute problems of support are in the Koryak Autonomous District, Magadan Region, Kamchatka, Primorye. In some regions, only 60% of the fuel is delivered. Aging of funds is another urgent problem in housing and communal services. физический износ инженерных коммуникаций знают в каждом регионе. What is the physical wear and tear of utilities is known in every region. All these problems require an immediate solution.

Housing and communal services of the city of Moscow

Despite the fact that the capital region is considered the safest in the country, and there are actual problems. The key issues concern the financing of housing and communal services. нехватка денег для отрасли? What is the lack of money for the industry? This is primarily a shortage of operational equipment, overalls for employees, low salaries. For a small salary, no one wants to work. Accordingly, the industry employs mostly unskilled employees. As officials say, the permanent deficit at the moment is about 700 million rubles. . Means that citizens transfer in the form of rent, you can cover only the cost of housing and communal services . At the same time, this amount does not include expenses for maintenance and maintenance of engineering and communication networks. That is why the industry works only in emergency mode. There is simply no money for preventive measures.

Financial problems of housing and communal services

задолженность для рассматриваемого сектора? What is the debt for the sector in question? It is the source of the chain of non-payments, which are present in virtually all industries. The key reasons for the difficult situation with debt are:

1. Long-term underestimation of MO levels of payments of the population in combination with budget insolvency. It was expressed in the inconsistency of the established standards with respect to the costs of repair and maintenance of housing stock and engineering infrastructure and regional values in the formation of the budget.
2. Sequestration and non-reimbursement of funds allocated in the late 90's. . To the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation .
3. Chronically increasing non-payments for actual consumption during the price adjustment period.
4. Very slow rate of installation of devices for water metering and heat, constrained by the executive structures of the MO and the organizations that they established, monopolistically providing services.
5. Imperfection of the tariff scheme, a systematic change in prices for fuel and energy resources.
6. High level of receivables for consumed services by organizations receiving financing from budgets.
7. The lack of contractual and economic interaction with the service institutions on the basis of municipal orders in accordance with Articles 72 and 71 of the BC.

Effects

The bodies of territorial power are far from always able to fulfill their obligations. This led to widespread dissemination of administrative enforcement of contractors and performers in violation of current legislation. Significantly decreased control of production and provision of quality services to citizens, the validity of the tariffs set. Insufficient financing explains the lack of interest in the formation of HOAs. Failure to fulfill budgetary obligations, the lack of transparent and effective procedures for setting and adjusting tariffs cause unattractiveness of the sphere for private investors. This indicates a systemic crisis in the industry as a whole, and separately in the regions. The decision of the arisen problems is possible by application of the program-target method.

Ways out of the crisis

РФ. The main work on the formation of a program for solving problems falls on the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation. First of all, it is necessary to improve the composition and structure of financial relations within the industry with the requirements of a market economy. It should be noted that part of the measures began in 1997. Thus, in the late 1990s, the process of transition from free or almost free provision of housing and communal services and provision of housing to paid citizens, in accordance with quality, was launched. The main objectives of the events are:

1. Providing the population with living conditions that meet the quality standards.
2. Reducing the costs of service organizations and, accordingly, tariffs. At the same time, the quality of the services provided should remain high.
3. The transition of the entire industry to self-sufficiency.

Sector transformation

Having designated the directions of reforming the housing and communal services, the government has worked out the following ways to achieve the set goals:

1. Improvement of management, control and operation structures.
2. The transition to contractual relations, the development of competition, the provision of the final consumer the opportunity to influence the quality and volume of services, the introduction of competitive selection of service organizations.
3. Improvement of calculation schemes, establishment of higher rates for excess housing, differentiation of payment in accordance with the location of the facility and the quality of housing.
4. Decrease with subsequent termination of appropriations from the budget, elimination of cross-subsidization.
5. Improvement of the system of social protection of citizens. It involves streamlining existing benefits, strengthening the individual focus of the funds allocated.
6. Increase of tariffs to economically justified indicators, determined through competitive selection of service organizations.

Social protection of the population

It consists in preventing regional bodies and structures of territorial self-government from:

1. Containment of improving the subsidy program for low-income families.
2. Unjustified deterioration in the quality of services in comparison with those provided for under the contract of employment.
3. The introduction of unreasonably high tariffs.

Billing

Housing is considered one of the most costly economic sectors. Here wasteful consumption of heat and electricity, water, other resources. зачастую не в состоянии покрыть издержки установленными тарифами и нормами. The enterprise of housing and communal services is often unable to cover costs with established tariffs and norms. At the same time, the price policy in the sector under consideration acts as a regulatory mechanism between producers, users and the municipal budget. The latter provides financing for the most cost-intensive areas of the industry. As a basis for price policy, a set of measures aimed at encouraging producers to reduce losses, and consumers in turn, to rational use of resources, should act. Payment for services today is carried out in accordance with the tariffs. The standards are calculated at cost and established profitability. The general rules for determining these indicators are subject to the corporate interest of the manufacturer. Tariffs are set by the local administration. при этом не обеспечивает надлежащего контроля фактического потребления ресурсов и не может выставлять счета за сверхнормативное пользование. Housing does not provide adequate control over actual consumption of resources and can not bill for excessive use. The consumer, in turn, can not refuse payments and allocate volumes that really need to be included in the tariff and cost. The existing payment scheme, therefore, does not allow to take into account the costs actually borne by the producer, the amount of actual consumption and loss of the product during its transportation and receipt.

Tasks of tariff regulation

Effective analysis of procedures for rationing and pricing should be based on the ratio of the formed level of producer costs and the volume of consumption of a particular resource. The existing problems are due to the imperfection of the current regulatory framework. At the same time, gaps are present at the federal, regional and local levels. The tariff regulation scheme is designed to ensure the implementation of investment and production programs approved for the forthcoming period. Its functions include:

1. Stimulation of utilities to reduce costs while improving the quality of services.
2. Creation of conditions for attracting investments.
3. Ensuring the formation of the necessary amount of financial resources.
4. Accounting for the creation of competitive relations in some sub-sectors of housing and communal services.
5. Formation of mechanisms to reduce the politicization of pricing processes.

Planning, calculation and accounting methods

должен искать компромисс между техническим заданием, потребностями в деньгах и платежеспособностью населения. The financial department of housing and communal services should seek a compromise between the technical assignment, the needs for money and the solvency of the population. The methodology for planning, calculating and accounting tariffs is the basis for determining tariffs. It is designed to ensure the uniformity of classification and composition of costs, the calculation of production costs at enterprises that carry out various activities in the area of housing and communal services. The Regulation approved by the governmental decree No.522 of 05.08.1992, amendments to it, as well as other legal acts, acts as a normative base. The methodology is intended for use by organizations of different types of activities: operation of housing stock, water disposal and water supply, electricity, heat supply, sanitary cleaning of settlements, bathhouse, hotel, laundry service, etc. Services are provided for each area of the housing and communal services.

Planning

It acts as one of the key steps in determining economically sound prices. Planning of expenses is necessary for natural monopolists, and for those organizations that are able to conclude service contracts through a competition. In the latter case, the cost price is included in the tariff, which is the starting price for the event. The planned costs for each item are set in accordance with:

1. Analysis of actual costs and their dynamics in the forthcoming period.
2. Using regional and industry norms for cost elements.

In the planning process, the following groups of factors should be considered:

1. Reducing the cost price: the use of an anti-cost mechanism, measures for resource-saving and so on.
2. Increasing costs: price indices that determine the degree of inflation, the introduction of technological operations that improve the quality of service.

The planned cost price for a service unit is established by dividing the total amount of estimated costs by the expected volume of services in kind. Loss / profit from sales is determined in the form of the difference between revenue in current prices without VAT and costs in accordance with legislation (regulations).

Additional tasks

To improve the organization of the sector in the LC, it is envisaged that the management of the apartment building is designed to provide safe and favorable conditions for citizens, proper maintenance of common property, solution of issues related to its use, as well as high-quality maintenance by housing and utilities organizations . нахождения собственники должны выбрать один из способов управления: At the address of the owners, the owners must choose one of the ways of management:

1. Directly by the owners of the apartments.
2. HOA, a specialized consumer cooperative.
3. The managing organization.

The corresponding decision is taken at the general meeting.

Conclusion

In the 90-ies in Russia, the population covered about 4% of the operating costs of housing and communal services. The rest of the expenses were compensated by budgetary funds. In the process of transition to a market economy, it became obvious that such a financing system is ineffective. In this connection, the need to reform the sector was acute. According to Presidential Decree No. 425, the Concept of Transformation was approved. In accordance with it, the following tasks were set:

1. Provision of living conditions for citizens who meet the standards.
2. Reducing the costs of serving organizations. This, in turn, should help reduce tariffs while maintaining the quality of services.
3. Mitigation for citizens of the consequences of the transformation of payment calculation schemes in the transition of the sector to a break-even operation regime.

As shown by practice, the process of reforming the housing and communal services at the territorial level is rather slow. On the ground, there is a gradual increase in tariffs. By 2007, population payments covered about 80% of costs in the industry. After the transition to full payment of utility services, budgetary obligations are provided only for a part of the costs related to the provision of benefits and subsidies. Meanwhile, at present the state of the municipal infrastructure remains unsatisfactory. The following problems have emerged in the industry:

1. The percentage of depreciation of fixed assets is high (50-70%).
2. Commercialization is slow enough.
3. The financial condition of housing and communal services organizations today does not meet the requirements of the economy.
4. The presence of high creditor and receivables.
5. Lack of private investment.

The development of housing and communal services is slow and difficult. Difficulties are primarily due to the neglect of the industry, the presence of contradictions in the financial relations of the participants in the process. Experts consider it reasonable to gradually increase tariffs for the population so that in time they reach the level established for legal entities. However, this requires a clear mechanism for protecting low-income families. At the same time, experts note that the originally established time limits for the transition to 100-percent payment by the citizens of operating costs are not justified. In connection with high inflation, the need to increase the social protection of the population, it is proposed to reduce the maximum permissible share of the citizens' own expenses for housing and communal services from 22 to 18%. At all levels of government, it is necessary to more actively deal with the problems of the industry, not shifting them to the population, investors and the market.