How to build a metro in Moscow and where it is planned to build new stations

The construction of the metro in Moscow was planned back in the late 19th century. In 1875, an idea was voiced about the laying of a line running from the Kursk railway station through the Pushkin and Lubyanka squares to the Maryina Grove. However, in those years the construction was never started. According to the official version, it was abandoned because of economic inexpediency.

When a revolution took place in the country and a civil war broke out, they simply did not recall this idea. To this issue in 1923, the new power of the young state-the USSR-has returned.

Today the Moscow Metro is one of the most beautiful and reliable in the world. At the same time, few people know how difficult it was for builders to get from the creation of an underground railway to the start of the first trains.

Adoption of a historic decision

In the summer August days of 1923 a meeting of the Presidium of the Moscow Soviet was held, at which it was decided to resume negotiations with foreign companies on the construction of the Moscow Metro. The resolution was announced by the chairman of the presidium, LB Kamenev. Thus, the idea, interrupted by the revolution and war, has been further developed.

Already a month after this historic meeting, the Moscow City Council decided to set up a special department at the city's railways department, which they called the Metropolitan. At that time, his only employee was engineer K. S. Myshenkov. His job was to collect information about pre-war projects.

Carrying out of preliminary works

In 1924, a delegation from the Moscow Soviet visited Europe. Its main goal was to attract foreign partners to design the first metro in the USSR. However, the negotiations ended in failure. Foreign officials could not obtain bank lending.

Only in 1928 the Moscow City Council was engaged in negotiations on the establishment of a joint-stock company, which was supposed to build a metropolitan subway. Implementation of the idea of building the metro was impeded by numerous disputes about the economic feasibility of the project. However, they did not last long. In 1930, LM Kaganovich, a close associate of Stalin, was appointed the first secretary of the Moscow party committee. He something and moved the matter off the ground. It is not for nothing that the Moscow Metro, which was opened in 1935, was named after him.

Solution of transportation issue

If at the beginning of the existence of the young Soviet state the authorities had more hope for taxis and trams, then as the capital grew, it became increasingly difficult for residents to move around the city. As a result of 06.01.1931 in Moscow there was a transport collapse. Traffic around the city was blocked by a giant traffic jam. This prompted the party leadership of the capital to the urgent construction of the subway.

Already in August 1931 a new organization, Metrostroy, was established. She was given the right to receive priority material resources and equipment. Head of Metrostroi appointed engineer of the railways P. P. Rotert. At the same time, the staff of the new organization was formed, which included technicians and practice engineers. They were foreign specialists from Germany, Austria, America and France. LM Kaganovich supervised the new construction.

Design issues

For the first experimental section of the new transport link, a section starting at Rusakov Street, 13. was chosen. How did the metro build in this zone? The gasket was carried out in a Parisian way, that is, with the tunnel at a shallow depth. At the same time the vaults of the subway were strengthened with rubble stone. At the beginning of the construction, the engineers did not apply the Berlin method, according to which it was necessary first of all to excavate the pit. In the center of the city, where there was a dense building and intensive traffic was carried out, it was unacceptable.

If this issue was resolved easily, then for a long time the controversy surrounding the problem, what should be the subway, was not abated. How to build a new transport connection: with island platforms or with side platforms? At the first layout, adopted in London and Paris, it was necessary to more carefully consider the architectural design. But such platforms were the most convenient for passenger traffic. The lateral location adopted in Berlin was cheaper and easier to build.

How did the metro build in the end? Soviet engineers put forward the idea of creating three-vaulted stations with two open tunnels. For each direction side platforms were provided here.

The technical design of the first metro lines included more than a thousand detailed explanatory notes and drawings. After a detailed examination, it was approved by the Moscow Committee of the Party on August 13, 1933.

Extreme conditions

Deciding on the construction of the Moscow subway, the authorities did not expect that the builders will have to overcome many difficulties. The fact is that the conditions for constructing the tunnels were extremely unfavorable. How to build a metro in Moscow? Tunnel laying was planned along the line of crossing the channel Olkhovka, Neglinka, Rybinka and a large number of other small rivers. Metrostroevtsi had to disturb their peace, as a result of which, in the tunnels rushed the quicksand, which were a mixture of sand, clay and water. They destroyed the underground workings and washed away the foundations of the houses nearby.

The segment of the first stage, passing from "Sokolniki" to "Komsomolskaya", as well as from the "Library. Lenin "to" Park of Culture ", metrostroevtsy erected in an open way. At the same time, before the work began, they had to shift the communications available on the given sections, carry tram tracks and install the nearby buildings on special supports. The difficulty was also in the fact that the Moscow City Council banned the disconnection of buildings in the construction zone from electricity, gas and water supply. There was no permission to stop traffic on city streets.

How did the metro build in such conditions? In order to qualitatively and in time to perform the entire amount of work planned, you had to go to various tricks. So, to combat the quickside, the bridge builders used the technology of soil freezing. For this purpose it was necessary to drill separate wells, through which a cold solution of calcium chloride salt was started. As a result, the ice cylinders formed, which gradually expanded and joined together to form a waterproof wall. Later this technology was used to build Stalin's skyscrapers.

Personnel problems

Extreme conditions in which it was necessary to build, demanded the selection of a highly qualified staff. However, the main part of the technicians and engineers was represented by the railways and miners. They were people who had never before participated in the construction of the metro. In addition, 80% of workers descended into the mine for the first time in their lives.

In connection with the lack of construction personnel in the ranks of metrostroevtsev was a lot of collective farmers and employees. They took in the staff and ordinary workers from factories and plants. All these people came to Moscow from different parts of the country, mastering new professions for them already on the spot. Former shoemakers, tailors and confectioners attended seminars, listened to lectures organized for them and became reinforcers and concrete workers.

Grand opening

The first test train passed on the rails of the Moscow Metro 05.02.1935. And on May 15, the solemn opening of the Moscow subway took place. In those years, it represented a route at 11.2 km, on which there were thirteen stations. The rolling stock of the subway consisted of twelve two-section trains. It was 48 cars of type "A".

The first stage is the way from Sokolniki to the Park Kultury station, which has a branch to Smolenskaya. Before the war with fascist Germany managed to open two more lines - Arbat and Zamoskvoretskaya.

Metropolitan subway today

How many subways are built? Work continues all the time of its existence. And modern stations retain the idea of museum perception of the interior. That is why the Moscow subway is considered the most beautiful in the world.

Why is the metro still built? This is explained by the fact that the capital is experiencing great transport problems in its land part. This in many ways raises the role of the subway, which is a win-win option even in the busiest peak hours.

Implementation of construction works

Which companies are building the metro today? The construction of underground stations is carried out by employees of the Moscow metro construction, which is the successor of the organization created for these purposes in 1931. The structure of the company includes twenty construction and assembly departments, fifteen of which have a general profile.

Who builds the metro in Moscow today? Unlike the thirties of the last century, the staff of the organization consists of qualified specialists. This is 8.5 thousand people involved in the construction of tunnels, installation of substations and cable lines, laying ways and conducting finishing works.

Measures for the development of the Moscow subway

The Moscow government adopted a special program for the development of the Moscow Metro. It covers the period from 2012 to 2020. And under these large-scale projects it is planned to allocate 1.24 trillion rubles from the city budget. Particular participation in these events will be made by private investors. They allocate 42 million rubles.

Where do they build a metro in Moscow today? According to plans for 2016, works are underway to erect the Kalininsk-Solntsevo line. This is the south-western part of the metro, which is the most promising in the development of the metropolitan subway system.

Which subway stations are built on this line? These are the Minsk and Lomonosov Prospekt, Ramenok and Michurinsky Prospect, as well as Solntsevo, Govorovo and Ochakovo. These stations will be used by citizens living in Ramensky district. Where is it planned to build a subway next? Kalinin-Solntsevskaya line will stretch to Novomoskovskaya Rasskazovka, Peredelkina and Solntseva.

Among the works planned for 2016, there is also the commissioning of five stations located within the third interchange circuit. This will allow you to link certain areas of the capital into a single network. Which subway stations are built as part of this work? This "Khodynka field" and "Lower Maslivka", "Petrovsky Park", "Shepelikha" and "Khoroshevskaya". Commissioning of these stations in operation will allow approximately a quarter to relieve the central part of the Moscow subway.

Where do they build the metro yet? According to plans metrostroevtsev is expected to extend the Lublin-Dmitrov line. It will be longer by five kilometers, which will allow it to open three new stations - "Upper Lihobory", "Okruzhnaya" and "Seligerskaya". Each of them has two exits. And Okruzhnaya is also equipped with transitions to other stations.

Undoubtedly, where the subway is built, the situation with traffic is noticeably improving. Quickly get to their destination in a short time will be able to residents of such metropolitan areas as Khovrino and Levoberezhny. The situation will significantly improve the commissioning of the station "Khovrino".

In addition to new construction, major repairs are also under way. So, in 2016, a new escalator is planned to be installed at the Frunzenskaya station. This is due to the low capacity of existing equipment.

The Vykhino metro station

This station is one of the oldest in the capital. Being an important component of the Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line, it has been taking passengers since 1966. Unlike most stations, Vykhino is aboveground. This is one of the first items of the Moscow subway of this type.

The station "Vykhino" (formerly "Zhdanov") is a very overloaded place. During peak hours, many passengers simply can not enter the car that has approached the platform. That is why the leadership of the subway decided to start on this branch of increased compositions. However, this also could not eliminate the problem. Today the station is an intermediate link. It connects parts of Moscow with its center. It is through the "Vykhino" that people from new residential complexes, whose construction on the outskirts are conducted at a rapid pace, reach their destination. For a day the station takes about five hundred thousand people. The filling of this route is just a record! This state of affairs imposes an imprint on the life of the entire adjacent area. Despite the fact that bus and trolleybus routes are open, people are used to using underground transport, which is very problematic.

That is why the Moscow government pays special attention to the popular direction of the people. The city authorities decided to improve the territory around the station. Today, many residents of the district and guests of the capital are asked the following question: what is being built on the Vykhino near the metro station? This will be a special interchange node, which is a fairly large structure. Under one roof, he will combine approaches to all available communication routes. In addition, the complex, which will occupy the territory of more than twenty hectares, will be not only landing platforms, but also a variety of retail outlets, as well as markets. The leadership of the capital believes that such a center will not only facilitate the transport situation in this area, but will also create favorable living conditions for the population.