How the short participle is formed

Before we start talking about short participles, let's remember what kind of speech it is. In school, it is characterized as a special form of the verb, which denotes a characteristic by action. But some linguists do not unreasonably believe that this is an independent part of speech. After all, it is characterized by some signs that are not available for the verb.

Like the verb, the sacrament is perfect and imperfect and has Present and past tense. (Note that he has no future tense). For example: laughing - an imperfect kind, present time, or laughed - a perfect view, elapsed time. This part of speech can be replaced with the verb from which it was formed. For example: guest invited guest .

But, like the adjective, the full participle changes in numbers and genera: the reader - the reader - the reader - the reader . (For comparison, the adjective: cheerful - cheerful - cheerful - funny ). And just like an adjective, it has a full and short form.

Features of the formation of a short participle

One of the forms of the passive participle, indicating the sign of an object experiencing any actions from the side, is a brief one: open - a short passive (compare: open - complete passive). In the sentence, the full form usually acts as a definition, and the brief form of this part of the speech is always a predicate, for example: I saw her shrouded shoulders. - Shoulders are shrouded in shawls ( shrouded - definition, and shrouded - predicate).

A short participle is formed most often with the help of suffixes -n - and -T- . For example: cleaned, finished . Unlike the full form, the short one has one - s: srublynnye - srubleny, plywood - paved. By the way, one should remember about the widespread speech error in using one suffix when forming a short form instead of another. The house is cleaned - instead of the normative: it is cleaned .

The participle changes in numbers: configured - configured, started - started , etc. In the singular, it also varies according to birth: simplified-simplified-simplified; Grown - grown - grown.

In order not to confuse the short form of adjectives and participles, it is necessary to clearly distinguish which part of speech this word is formed from. The short participle is from the verb, and the short adjective is from the full form of the adjective, for example: cast - abandoned - cast; Good - good.

How to distinguish between a short adjective and a short communion. Examples

Let's try to learn how to distinguish between the verbal adjective and the sacrament in a brief form . He was uneducated . How to determine what part of the speech is before us? Let's talk. If we have the sacrament before us, we can always ask the question in the instrumental case. He was uneducated (by whom?) - so you can not ask, because the meaning of what is said is lost. In this context, uneducated is a short adjective, since it can also be replaced by a synonym: illiterate .

In the sentence " These sculptures are formed by nature itself" about brazed - a short participle. Since it is easy to ask from him: by whom? Or what? , Without changing the meaning of what was said. In this sentence, the word is answered by nature.