Genres of text. How to determine the genre of text? Examples of text genres in Russian

We come across a variety of texts every day: some "call" us to buy something (advertising logos), others tell us a fascinating story (fiction), the third we use to convey information to our interlocutor (spoken language).

We see, hear or pronounce some combination of letters, and sometimes do not even think about what style they are presented in, what genres of text we use. We do this intuitively - laconically we talk with business partners, we allow ourselves slang in a friendly conversation, we are waiting for beautiful descriptions from fiction and a clear presentation of information from the scientific.

But sometimes the choice of style can be erroneous, i.e. Not correspond to the speech situation. How can this be avoided? It turns out that there is such a science - style, which studies the style, type, genre of the text and helps to understand their classification.

Let's try to understand the expressive possibilities of the text, to study the classification of styles and genres and determine in what situations it is worth using them.

Conversational style

This style is most suitable for communication in everyday life and has a character of living communication between people of different social ranks and level of education. It can be expressed both through dialogue, and in personal correspondence (e-mail, chat, mail correspondence).

Styles and genres of text that are available for communication in everyday life, do not have strict boundaries, are tolerant of mistakes, allow the introduction of foreign language, slang words, abbreviations and even non-normative vocabulary. In addition, the colloquial style uses a free word order.

Example dialog:

A: Well, am I friendly, ready for credit?
B: Yes, I already have a roof from this cramming ...

For this style is characterized by emotional coloration, which is achieved through exaggeration, caressing, indignation or delight.

Example dialog:

A: Hooray!
B: What's wrong, daughter?
A: Mom, I got a major role in the school setting.
B: Well, what a clever girl you are!

In addition, in the colloquial style, there are various interjections filling pauses in the dialogue, and words-parasites, which are repeated from time to time in the speech.

Example dialog:

A: In short, I came to her ... We agreed. In short, you understand !?
B: Well ...?
A: And, in short, there is no home.

All offers in the conversational style are simple and understandable. In them there are no eloquent comparisons and complex turns of speech.

Example dialog:

- Would you like some coffee?
- Come on!
- With sugar?
- Without.

Scientific style

This style serves to set forth clear scientific facts and is of an educational nature.

In contrast to the colloquial, the scientific style is restrained from the emotional point of view, has a clear sequence of presentation. He does not tolerate mistakes and oral expressions.

Every fact of scientific exposition has the foundation of arguments, proving its relevance.

The scientific style has a clear structure of narration:

- an introduction that indicates a certain theory;
- the main part, which provides arguments and counterarguments;
- Conclusion summarizing all the facts stated.

This style is presented in the form of a well-meaning monologue, and dialogues are held in the form of discussions. The appeal of all participants of the discussion to each other is presented in a respectful manner.

Example dialog:

A: This theorem does not require proof.
B: I beg your pardon, Dr. Fedorov, I do not agree with you.

The scientific style is characterized by the use of special terminology and words not used in colloquial speech. In addition, in the presentation words are often used to emphasize the logical sequence of judgments: thus, for example, however, etc.

Example:

Deviant behavior of some individuals is often associated with a wrong build of a chain of priorities.

This style corresponds to such genres of the text as the report, abstract, article, methodical manual.

Official and business style

This is the style of business negotiations. The way of presenting information in this style is regulated and standardized, as indicated by the availability of special forms and stamps. He has the accuracy, conciseness, neutrality of the narrative.

To recognize this style is possible and by the availability of special words: in connection, on the basis of, I order, I undertake, the plaintiff, the employer, the responsible person, to take measures, etc.

Example:

In connection with systematic violations of discipline, I order you to remove citizen Ivanov AE from official duties until further clarification of the reasons.

Dialogue between participants in an official-business conversation is conducted in a respectful manner, regardless of the qualifications and niche occupied in the business hierarchy.

Example dialog:

A: Marina Petrovna, be so kind as to bring us coffee.
B: One minute, Sergey Viktorovich.

The official and business styles of the text and genres include contracts, commercial proposals, regulations, laws, applications, regulations, business correspondence and, of course, business dialogue.

Journalistic style

Functionality of this style is to convey information to the broad masses, coverage of resonant events, impact, call to action.

This style is used mainly by the media and is the most ambiguous. It can be present as clarity, consistency and neutrality, as well as emotionality, the expression of one's own opinion. Simple sentences can alternate with complex ones. The publicistic narrative is filled with metaphors, epithets, comparisons, they often contain borrowed words, built in an unusual chain. Irony and sarcasm are also relevant here.

Any rules for constructing the structure of the presentation of information can be violated for the sake of one main goal - to attract the attention of readers or listeners.

Example:

What pushes young people to such contradictory feats? Bad Education? Negative peer influence? Ecology? I think the problem is a brain drain.

Genres of journalistic texts include newspapers, articles, magazines, agitation programs, political speeches and debates.

Art style

Everyone has a favorite book. It has characterization of characters and a description of the world around, details of scenes, comparison of situations, description of behavior, thoughts and voice dialogue.

This is the artistic text.

Example:

He was so excited that he could not speak. She too was silent.

Fiction has no clear boundaries and borrows characteristics from other styles. In dialogue, a character can be used as a colloquial style, and some monologues are described in a scientific style. But such expressive and emotional devices as epithets, allegories and metaphors are purely artistic text.

Example:

The leaves poured over with barges and amber paints under the rays of the sun going down to the sunset.

Sentences in this style are filled with synonyms and antonyms. A popular method of fiction is the one-by-one submission of simple and complex sentences.

Example:

For several miles I ran along the main street, then turned into the park and looked around convulsively. It's empty.

Typology of literary genres in form

Classification of the genre of texts is carried out in three directions: form, content and gender.

The literary form means the union of works with identical formal properties.

Distinguish the following genres of text in the form:

1. The play - a literary creation, intended for stage production in the theater.

2. The story is a prose narrative about one or several heroes, concluded within fifty pages.

3. The novel is a large-scale epic work, narrating about changing the outlook of the main character, overcoming the crisis period and spiritual revival. It is necessary to have one or more protagonists (the main character who is striving for a certain goal) and an antagonist (a character that prevents the protagonist from achieving his main goal). The volume of the work can vary from 200 pages to several volumes.

4. The story is a cross between a story and a novel. The basis is the narrative of events and incidents in the life of the main character.

5. Essay - a work of art that does not contain conflict.
There are other types of genres of text in this category (epic, short story, ode), but at this stage of development of literature they are not as popular as the above types.

Characteristics of genres by content

Genres of text in Russian can be classified and by content:

1. Comedy - a work with a pronounced humorous or satirical overtones.

Examples: "Woe from Wit", "The Taming of the Shrew," "The Inspector General," "The Ideal Husband."

2. Tragedy - the plot of this type of work is built on a sequence of events that inevitably lead to a tragic ending.

Examples: "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juliet", "Mu-mu".

3. Drama - the basis of works of this type is the problem of human interaction with society, with the surrounding world and with himself.

Examples: "Green Mile", "Life on loan", "Wuthering Heights".

Genres of text in Russian: classification by genus

In this category, the following types of texts are distinguished:

1. Epos - works that are stretched in time, saturated with a lot of main and auxiliary characters, events and experiences. The story is conducted, mainly, on behalf of an impartial observer and described in the form of memories of past events.

2. Lyrics - literary text, full of sensual experiences and the author's own thoughts.

3. Lyro-epic - a united type, absorbed the characteristics of both epic and lyrical types.

4. The drama is built on the relationship between the characters among themselves. It is expressed mainly in the form of a dialogue with the explanatory notes of the author.

How to determine the genre of the text: several tips

To classify a particular work, it is necessary not only to expand it into shelves, to count the number of pages and evaluate the emotional coloring, but also to understand the idea of the author, to comprehend the behavior of heroes, to extract from the written morals.

What feelings did you experience after reading a literary creation? You could not help laughing? Most likely, the read work was comedic. Can not hold back tears because of the sudden death of a loved hero? You read the tragedy. Are the relationships between the characters still holding you in suspense? Now you know the genre - drama.

How big is your work? Perhaps this is a few pages of text that tells of an event in the life of a character. This is a story. Or is it a multi-volume creation with many heroes and an intricate plot. In this case we are talking about a novel.

How is the text: dry and impartial or, conversely, bright and emotional? In the first case, the work can be described as an epic, in the second - as a lyric.

Classify the texts of different genres is not so difficult, it is enough to understand their meaning.