General secondary education is ... The law on education. Secondary school - education

Secondary basic education is an intermediate link between the primary and higher levels of education.

Historical background

Secondary education took shape as an intermediate stage between elementary and university types of education as early as the end of the Middle Ages. This was due to the progress of culture, science and production. In Russia during the XV-XVI centuries. The structure of secondary education corresponded to the classical type of instruction. Grammar schools became the main type of educational institutions. A few centuries later, national education of a general type became more widespread. At the beginning of the twentieth century, in most countries, secondary education was established and divided into structural elements. Now the standard system of training had two types: special and general. Until the 20th century, secondary education in Russia could be obtained mainly in gymnasiums. Training also took place in commercial and real schools. Secondary education as a concept in Russia has several meanings. The term can be synonymous with several definitions. In particular, to the knowledge that the secondary school gives. Education can also be complete, professional. Sometimes this term ("secondary education") is used as a characteristic of a low quality of education.

General secondary education

This level of training is not special or professional. To the modern form of general education there are several components. In a broad sense, this is the initial, preschool, basic, secondary complete and additional education for children. Nevertheless, there are often situations where the first two elements listed above are considered separately and do not enter into the term "general secondary education". This is due to the requirements imposed on the level of knowledge of students. In the first two cases, the training is in some way familiar. In a number of countries, including Russia, the first three levels of education are accepted for general secondary education. This is a completely different form of obtaining knowledge, different from the primary and pre-school.

Structure. Preschool education

This type of knowledge acquisition is designed for children aged 2-7 years. The program includes the development of physical, personal and some intellectual qualities. The tasks of preschool education can be completely different. It depends on culture, traditions, legislation, as well as on the approach to teaching in each particular country. It can be realized through different traditional institutions, be mandatory or not. Russian pre-school education is conducted mainly in the relevant institutions - DOW. It can also be implemented in special centers of additional education and at home.

According to statistics, in Russia at the moment a huge number of young families have a child who is not provided with a place in the DOW. One of the main tasks of modern family policy is the education of parents for the basic principles of preschool education.

First level

This type of training is the first stage of all that constitute a general secondary education. This is an important stage in obtaining knowledge in many countries, including Russia. In the process of primary education, children acquire and develop many necessary qualities. They begin to receive the first information about the world around them, learn to solve applied problems and improve their communication skills. At this stage, the process of formation of the child's personality takes place.

Basic level

This species is the second stage of full training. The main goal pursued at this level included in the general secondary education is the creation of certain conditions for the development of the interests and inclinations of the student, as well as the formation and formation of his personality. This stage is mandatory and necessary for the transition to the next level of knowledge acquisition. In developed countries, the law on education defines this type of education as compulsory for all children of the corresponding age. In addition, in advanced states this level of knowledge acquisition should be generally available, that is, free of charge. The training takes place at the school. Almost all of the above items, as a rule, are reflected in the constitution.

The program of secondary general education in Russia is designed for nine years. Graduation exam students take at the end of the last year of training. The verification of knowledge is carried out in accordance with the standards that GEF contains the average of general education. According to the results of the exam, the abilities of each student are revealed. The educational program of secondary general education gives children a basic knowledge course. Some institutions provide for in-depth study of individual subjects. Having a certificate of secondary general education, in the future the graduate can move to one of the following levels of education.

The final step

This type of knowledge acquisition is the third level of general education. The goal at the same time is the formation of the pupil's abilities for self-learning and the development of his creative abilities. The legislation of the Russian Federation stipulates that this type of education is generally available, but it is not obligatory. And if the general secondary education is a basic nine-year course, then the full one is a preparatory stage before entering the university. The success of passing the entrance examinations to the institute largely depends on the results of the final tests. Domestic full general education assumes the following stages of training: primary, general basic and two senior classes.

In a number of other developed countries, the final stage is somewhat longer. In Germany, for example, it is four years. It is for this reason that only a small part of the domestic certificates is fully quoted abroad. In fact, the majority of applicants from Russia do not have any opportunity to be enrolled in almost all foreign higher education institutions. Secondary education in Russia ends with the passing of a unified state examination. Its result is calculated in points. Their number determines the possibility of admission to a particular university. In addition to general education schools, there are also evening schools, lyceums and gymnasiums.

Additional education for children. Key points

This species is a variable component of general education. Additional training is designed to help the student develop the need for creativity and knowledge of the world. The purpose of this motivational program is to assist in the process of self-realization of the child, in personal and professional definition. This term arose in the early 90's with changes in a number of regulatory acts of the Russian Federation. Children's supplementary education has many interpretations. Most researchers believe that it is necessary to understand the systematized process of education and upbringing through the implementation of structured pedagogical programs.

Legal Aspects

Everyone has the right to receive an affordable and free education. In Russia and a number of other developed countries, this is fixed in the constitution. Also, now in many countries obtaining general education is not only a right, but also a duty.

Organizational moments

General education is provided in municipal, state and private institutions. The creation of the latter in the educational sphere of a number of countries is categorically prohibited. In the Russian Federation, educational institutions of different levels can be licensed. In many states, complete general education is free of charge. At least to its third level. As a rule, due to the direction of social policy, the entire education system is supported .

Standard Requirements

The quality of secondary education, as well as the development of curricula and the preparation of schoolchildren, is controlled by state bodies. It happens in every country. These standards differ from the requirements in higher education institutions. The latter have an international focus. Uniform standards of secondary education do not actually exist. Similarly, general requirements for the duration of training in the relevant institutions can be considered. In most cases, this period lasts more than ten years. There is also a need for final examinations for students. In many developed countries, the number of subjects is varied from 6 to 12.

Most progressive states provide for a thirteen-year course of secondary education. At the same time, domestic practice assumes only eleven years of education and the minimum number of compulsory exams - only two. These subjects are mathematics and the Russian language, the rest are surrendered at the individual choice of each student, if they are necessary for admission to the university.

A graduate has the right to receive a certificate if he showed positive test results in two main disciplines. The state policy pays special attention to the strategic importance of the educational direction. For this reason, international organizations monitor changes in basic knowledge acquisition, despite the absence of common standards. According to the results of these studies, the quality of training has decreased noticeably, and this trend persists.