GAZ-53 - gearbox: characteristics, device, maintenance and repair. Spare parts for GAZ-53

The truck GAZ-53 - the legendary Soviet "hard worker". Serially the machine was produced from the 61st to the 93rd year. However, despite the termination of production in the early 90's, this machine is still found in the car parks of most enterprises. Also this car is also owned by private owners. Thanks to the fact that the truck was assembled qualitatively, and the same quality and durable spare parts were used for assembly, the GAZ-53 could survive to this day. The only thing that sometimes raises questions about the 53rd GAZon is the gearbox. Consider how this node is arranged, typical faults and repair methods.

History

The trucks, assembled among the first and designated by the index "F", were installed six-cylinder power units, as well as a rear axle from the model GAZ-51. The transmission was also taken from this car, but before they were upgraded. I must say that if necessary, you can change the GAZ-53 checkpoint to GAZ-51. But not always in such a replacement makes sense. The transmission, which was installed on the GAZ-51, differed in other gear ratios and was designed to work with smaller engines. The assembly of the GAZ-53F models was completed, and instead of them GAZ-53A was started. This model was equipped with a V8 engine, so to work with this unit engineers had to finalize the transmission and develop a new design of the rear axles. The old units on the tests showed weak results and could not cope with the loads.

In the early parts of the GAZ-53, the gearbox was equipped with synchronizers, which were supposed to make the switching more smooth. In later versions, it was decided to abandon it - engineers began to consider them archaic.

Device Gearbox GAZ-53

The truck was equipped with a mechanical four-speed transmission (the only one for GAZ-53). The transmission was equipped with five speeds - four front, one rear. Inside there are three shafts.

The unit consists of an iron casing, a lid equipped with forks for switching, shafts, gears. Also in the device there is a block of gears for a backing and bearings. The design has a coupling for connecting the fourth and third gear.

Principle of operation

The gearbox GAZ-53 functions according to the following scheme. The front part of the input shaft is fixed in the crankshaft bearing. The primary shaft is connected to the secondary rear part via a needle bearing. The torque is transmitted through the intermediate shaft. Each transmission has different gear ratios. This changes the speed and thrust. The direct transmission to the GAZ-53 checkpoint is the fourth, as on most cars.

How does the PPC work?

When the lever is moved to the left from the neutral, it by its lower part moves the shift fork and the rod, which forces the gear of the first gear to move back and engages it with the gear that is responsible for the first gear. The latter is installed on the intermediate shaft. With the clutch engaged, the torque through the gears, which are permanently engaged, is transported towards the intermediate shaft to the secondary one.

To switch on the third speed, the selector is moved from the neutral to the right, and then forward. Under the influence of the fork, the synchronizer clutch will start to move backwards, after which this mechanism will act on the synchronizer. In this case, the rotational moment is from the input shaft of the gearbox via the gears, which are permanently engaged. The moment is transported through the intermediate to the secondary shaft of the box.

To enable the fourth speed, the selector must be moved from the neutral to the right. Then the lever is moved back. The coupling will move forward, and the synchronizer ring will engage the primary shaft. Then, after balancing the speeds, the transmission will turn on.

To use reverse gear, it is necessary to overcome the effort of the safety system. The lever must be moved to the right.

Synchronizer device and operating principle

As already noted above, in the first samples the basic gearbox GAZ-53 is installed. The device includes synchronizers. Consider how they work and how they are arranged. With the help of the synchronizer, the third and fourth gears are switched on. This mechanism is a hub that is attached to the secondary shaft of the gearbox. On its outer surface, the splines are made, along which the clutch moves. The latter is controlled by a plug. In the grooves of the hub there are blocking "crackers" and locking springs. On the sides are locking rings made of bronze. In the rings an inner cone is made, and a dentate crown is on the outside. On the gear of the third gear and on the gear of the primary shaft, special conical surfaces are made. Blocking rings are located on these surfaces when switching, and then friction occurs between them. Due to this, the speed of rotation of the shafts and gears is equalized. The transmissions switch more smoothly.

Technical specifications

We examined how the GAZ-53 gearbox is arranged. Its characteristics were quite good. Consider the powertrain capabilities.

The unit is equipped with a three-way lever, and the transmission - speeds for forward driving and one rear gear. The weight of the unit is 56 kilograms. Oil in the gearbox GAZ-53 is poured into a special container with a volume of 3 liters. Consider the gear ratios of this transmission. For the first transfer - 6,55. For the second, 3.09. The third gear has a gear ratio of 1.71. The fourth speed is a straight line, and the gear ratio is 1. The rear speed has a parameter of 7.77.

Signs of the transmission failure

On the GAZ-53 gearbox is infrequent, but it fails. You can determine the malfunction by some features. Breakdowns are accompanied by noise and extraneous sounds during the operation of the unit.

The noise will be indicated by the noise near the site where the node is installed. Sometimes transmission can not be turned on. And if it turns out that a serious effort is required, this is also a sign of a breakdown. If one does not work and does not turn on any transmission, the speed limit, it is worth to examine the transmission in more detail. Also, the breakage is reported by the noise during the movement. Often at GAZ-53, the gearbox did not allow the lever to be moved to neutral. Because of this, it was impossible to turn off the transmission.

About the causes of malfunctions

Often the most important reason for all breakdowns in this box is due to an insufficient amount of transmission oil or even its absence in the gearbox mechanism. Also, often the cause of the malfunction is the improper use of the mechanism. Often breakages are associated with the natural wear of the gears. Less often - with factory marriage (as in the USSR did "for ages"). If the truck is operated under extreme conditions for a long time, it also leads to the failure of the unit.

Extraneous sounds when the unit is operating

The transmission can produce a variety of sounds depending on the mode in which it operates. If an extraneous sound is heard only when the clutch is completely squeezed, the reason is in the bearing. It is located on the primary transmission shaft. If you turn on the gear and move, then the grinding sound indicates broken or worn out teeth on the gears of the gears. Extraneous sounds with the fourth gear engaged indicate the wear of the primary shaft, as well as bearings on this shaft and on the secondary. If there is no oil in the assembly, the transmission will make noises regardless of operating conditions.

Identify the exact cause of the noise will help disassemble the GAZ-53 gearbox with subsequent defect and replacement parts. However, it is sometimes difficult to determine if a breakdown occurs. Maximum attention is paid to the element that is near the noisy transmission. Often the box howls. This is especially pronounced when driving at lower speeds. For 53rd GAZON this sound is quite normal.

Poor transmission

Often, if the transmission is badly turned on, the fault is not the gearbox mechanism, but the grip. The first thing to diagnose is the details of the clutch, and also make sure that the pedal is normally squeezed out.

If the third and fourth gears do not turn on, then often the cause is a malfunction of the synchronizers or clutch on these gears. The speeds will be poorly turned on if there is no oil. Failure or wear of the gear selector mechanism will interfere with the normal operation of the transmission. Often the cause is the wear of the rods. Also it is worth checking the springs. Repair involves disassembling and replacing worn or damaged parts - GAZ-53 spare parts, in spite of their age, can still be purchased.

Transfers take off

This can happen for a number of reasons. The first is one of the banal. If there is a strong wear in the gearbox fork, the gear will not be fully turned on - then they fly out. The second reason is a considerable wear of the seats for the gear on the secondary shaft. Often the gear itself wears out a lot. This is the cause of the malfunction. To restore the work of the box, it is enough to replace the failed elements.

Transmission Repair

In fact, it is not difficult to repair the box, but a professional will do it faster. Possible and self-repair, if there are parts. GAZ-53 is a very repairable car. Find spare parts for it now is not a problem, and you can buy them on the markets at an affordable price. Often, repairing the unit can be expensive. In this case, you can save by replacing the box with a used one. The modern car market offers a lot of options. It is recommended only to agree in advance on the possibility of a return in the event of a malfunction.

The plant produced a lot of transmissions for these cars. Therefore, to find a second-hand machine will not be difficult. The prices for the nodes are affordable. It is also possible to install a transmission from the truck GAZ-63. It is completely identical and interchangeable.