Disappeared species of fungi. Rare and endangered species of fungi, plants and animals of the Red Data Book of Russia

Collecting mushrooms in the forest, few of us think that they, like any other plants and animals, can be on the brink of extinction. And some of them have long been extinct and no longer grow in our country. What are these extinct species of mushrooms? And what are currently threatened with extinction?

What is the role of fungi in the global ecosystem?

Many people think that mushrooms are only needed for eating. Of course, they are beautiful in fried, and cooked, and in dried, and in pickled species. However, apart from getting rid of hunger, they play a huge role in the global ecosystem. The fact is that it is the fungi that are an indispensable element that is necessary not only for people, but for all nature.

For example, saprophytic species of mushrooms process unnecessary plant residues and the products of vital activity of other plants, and also during their feeding they return some of the substances back to the soil. At the same time, substances rejected by fungi are easily absorbed by other representatives of the ecosystem. What are rare and endangered species of fungi, read on.

Mycorrhizal fungi, growing on trees, help to supply their "symbiotic neighbors" with the necessary moisture for them. Yeast mushrooms are considered to be an excellent raw material for the food industry. Penicillin is used in the production of penicillin.

In a word, mushrooms are useful and necessary for the full development of plants, animals and humans. However, due to environmental pollution, due to deforestation, many of them are on the verge of extinction. Every year the endangered species of mushrooms only increase. And the number of useful species decreases. To prevent the extinction of fungal species, it is necessary to know which species are at risk.

Amanita pineal, or First candidate for extinction

One of the first species of fungi in the list of rare species is fly-agaric pineal. This is a pretty beautiful mushroom representative with a white leg and a hat. It has a white fleshy flesh, angular and large scales, a large, almost double-ring in the middle of the leg. Its length is 8-15 cm and its width is 2-4 cm. At an earlier age, representatives of this type have a characteristic striped pattern bordering the foot of the fungus.

Surprisingly, this rare fly agaric refers to edible. It can be ripped off and, after preliminary treatment, eaten without fear of poisoning. If you are interested in endangered species of fungi in Russia, then this is the species that needs protection. According to preliminary information, pineal fly agarics can be found in the oak forests of the Belgorod region.

Sparassus curly, or mushroom cabbage

The second fungus, in need of protection, is sparse curly. Because of the unusual structure of the cap, it is often called mushroom or hare cabbage. Extremely rare edible fungus belonging to the Sparassa family.

Outwardly it looks like a sea sponge or a head of young cabbage in the open form. His hat has a round or irregular globular shape 5-20 cm in height and about 6-30 cm in width. Sometimes the weight of such an amazing specimen can reach 6-10 kg. This species grows near trees and on stumps.

It can be included in the endangered species of fungi in Russia, since it is extremely rare in our country. For the same reason, it was sparctis that was listed in the Red Book. At the moment, its collection in nature is strictly prohibited, so some mushroom lovers bred it artificially.

With needles, but not a hedgehog

An unusual structure has another representative of endangered fungi - a needle-shaped raincoat. It is characterized by the presence of a round cap with numerous spines. The diameter of his body is only 2-4 cm. It is equipped with a large round head-hat and a relatively short leg. This mushroom lives in shady coniferous and deciduous forests. They grow on wood, covered with rot. Occur in single specimens.

Disappearing species of fungi of the Red Book: white boletus

Another beautiful edible mushroom, which is threatened with extinction, is a white boletus. It belongs to the genus Lektsinum and has a characteristic white color and a fresh mushroom smell. It has an elongated stem with small brownish or light oblong scales and a small round cap with a total diameter of about 25 cm.

You can meet such a mushroom in the Leningrad, Penza, Murmansk and Moscow regions.

Disappearing fungus bruise, or gyroporous blue

If you are interested in rare and endangered species of fungi, then it is worth paying attention to the amazing fungus bruise. What is its peculiarity? It is a large mushroom with a thick bonnet reaching in diameter 5-15 cm. It has a flat or slightly convex gray-brown or brown-yellow bonnet. His leg is rather thick, with a thickening at the base. The length of the leg is usually 5-10 cm, and the thickness is from 1.5 to 3 cm.

If you break such a mushroom and break it, you can see that at its break the main color of the leg will change. He will turn blue or purple. You can find the mushroom in mixed or deciduous forests under birches, oaks and chestnuts. However, in nature it is extremely rare, therefore it is listed in the Red Book.

Chestnut mushroom with velvety hat

Paying attention to all the endangered species of plants and fungi, it is impossible not to tell about the chestnut fungus. It is a beautiful variety of tubular tubular mushrooms with a brownish-colored foot, hollow inside. Externally similar to a white fungus, in contrast to which has a chestnut-brown or red-brown cap with a diameter of 40 and 110 mm.

You can see it in the Caucasus, in the south of Russia and in Western Siberia. Grows mainly in the period from July to September. It is extremely rare in nature, and therefore included in the Red Book.

Rare griffin curly, or mushroom-ram

Answering the question about what rare and endangered species of fungi exist, let's pay attention to curly corn grits. It is a unique edible mushroom, possessing an unusual curly structure with a fruiting body about 80 cm. Such mushrooms are often able to reach 10 kg or more.

As a rule, the mushroom-ram consists of a large number of small flat hats no more than 10 cm in diameter. In this case, all hats have separate legs that emanate from one common base.

This fungus often grows at the base of such trees as maple, beech, chestnut. It is extremely rare. What other endangered species of fungi exist, we tell further.

Unusual spiderweb purple

Spiderweb purple is a beautiful mushroom found in the Leningrad, Moscow, Murmansk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Chelyabinsk, Vologda and Sverdlovsk regions.

Spiderweb is an edible mushroom that has a distinctive blue-violet color. It has a pillow-shaped cap with a diameter of about 15 cm, and a high leg 6-12 cm in height and 1-2 cm in width. In its upper part there are small scales.

Medicinal tinder lacquered

In rare and endangered species of plants and fungi, it is also worthwhile to write down such a saprophytic representative of the Ganoderm family, as a varnished tinder. It is a beautiful flat fungus, better known as the "Mushroom of Immortality" or "Lin-Chih". It has a smooth surface of the cap red, brown or purple and a dense woody flesh.

Its main feature is the useful substances that it contains. It is thanks to him from this fungus make medicinal tinctures.

This fungus, which is listed in the Red Book, grows in the Amur Region, Japan, Korea and China. In Russia it is found in the North Caucasus, as well as in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories.

Extraordinary blackberry coral

Studying the endangered species of plants, fungi and animals, one can not help recalling such an unusual fungus as the coral beetle. This is a very rare mushroom representative, having a sixth category of rarity status and belonging to the monuments of nature.

The blackberry has a non-standard structure and visually resembles a white coral coral. It grows on stumps and trunks of trees (most often - on birches and aspens). Occurs in the reserves of the Russian Federation, on the territory of Lake Baikal, in Eastern Siberia. It is listed in the Red Book.

What mushrooms are considered to have disappeared?

In the column "extinct species of fungi," such representatives as:

• Fellinia is congested.
• Hadrian's Hilarion.
• Omphalina cinder.
• Scaly caress.
• The geopexis is coal.
• Carbophil and others.

Each year this list is only replenished. I am glad that many rare mushrooms at the moment people have learned to grow artificially. This approach, according to experts, will help to minimize the extinct species of fungi.

Rare species of animals and plants of the Russian Federation

As you can see, the list of the "disappearing and extinct species of mushrooms" series can be continued. But in addition to fungi, many plants, animals and birds are also threatened with extinction. For example, among the animals one can distinguish a Siberian white-tooth, a water-moth, brown ushana, a forest-steppe marmot, an ordinary hedgehog, Siberian roe deer and others. Disappearing species of birds include chomgo, or a large toadstool, a gray heron, a black stork, an ordinary flamingo, a red-breasted goose, and others.

Among the plants on the verge of extinction are: multifilamental voles, Kitakgavia Baikal, narrow-leaved sunflower, alfredia drooping and others.