Device of the car engine. Description, principle of operation

The most common engine of those that are currently installed is an internal combustion engine. The design and operation of the car's engine are simple enough, despite the many details of which it consists. Let us consider this in more detail.

The general device ICE

Each of the engines has a cylinder and a piston. In the first, the thermal energy is converted into a mechanical one, which can cause the car to move. In just one minute this process is repeated several hundred times, so that the crankshaft, which comes out of the motor, rotates continuously.

The engine of the machine consists of several complexes of systems and mechanisms that convert energy into mechanical work.

Its base is:

• Gas distribution;

• crank mechanism.

In addition, it has the following systems:

• Power supply;

• Ignition;

• Start-up;

• Cooling;

• Grease.

crank mechanism

Thanks to it, the reciprocating motion of the crankshaft turns into a rotary motion. The latter is transmitted to all systems more easily than cyclic, especially as the final link in the transmission is the wheels. And they work through rotation.

If the car was not a wheeled vehicle, then this mechanism for movement might not be necessary. However, in the case of a car, the crank-crank operation is completely justified.

Gas distribution mechanism

Thanks to the timing, the working mixture or air enters the cylinders (depending on the peculiarities of the mixture in the motor), then exhaust gases and combustion products are removed.

In this case, the exchange of gases occurs at the appointed time in a certain amount, organizing with tacts and guaranteeing a quality working mixture, as well as obtaining the greatest effect from the heat produced.

Supply system

A mixture of air and fuel burns in the cylinders. The system under consideration regulates their supply in strict quantities and proportions. There is an external and internal mixture formation. In the first case, air and fuel are mixed outside the cylinder, and in the other - inside it.

The power system with external mixture formation has a special device called a carburetor. In it fuel is sprayed in the air, and then enters the cylinders.

The device of the engine of the car with the system of internal mixture formation is called injector and diesel. They fill the cylinders with air, which injects fuel through special mechanisms.

Ignition system

There is a forced ignition of the working mixture in the motor. Diesel engines do not need this, because they have a process carried out through a high degree of air compression , which becomes actually hot.

In general, a spark electric discharge is used in engines. However, in addition, ignition tubes can be used, which ignite the working mixture with a burning substance.

It can be ignited in other ways. But the most practical today is the electrospark system.

Start

This system achieves the rotation of the motor crankshaft during start-up. This is necessary to start the operation of individual mechanisms and the engine itself as a whole.

For startup, the starter is mainly used. Thanks to him, the process is carried out easily, reliably and quickly. But it is possible and the option of a pneumatic unit, which operates on a stock of compressed air in receivers or provided with a compressor with an electric drive.

The most simple system is the crank, through which the crankshaft rotates in the engine and all the mechanisms and systems start working. Until recently, all the drivers took her with them. However, there was no question of any convenience in this case. So today everyone does without it.

Cooling

The task of this system is to maintain a certain temperature of the operating unit. The fact is that the combustion in the cylinders of the mixture occurs with the release of heat. The parts and components of the motor heat up, and they need to be constantly cooled to work in the normal mode.

The most common are liquid and air systems.

In order for the engine to cool constantly, a heat exchanger is needed. In motors with a liquid version, its role is played by a radiator, which consists of a plurality of tubes for moving it and releasing heat to the walls. Retraction is further increased through the fan, which is installed next to the radiator.

In devices with air cooling fins of the surfaces of the most heated elements are used, because of which the heat exchange area substantially increases.

This cooling system is low-efficient, and therefore it is rarely installed on modern cars. It is mainly used on motorcycles and on small ICEs, which do not require hard work.

Lubrication system

Lubrication of parts is necessary to reduce the loss of mechanical energy, which occurs in the crank mechanism and timing. In addition, the process helps to reduce wear of parts and some cooling.

Lubrication in car engines is mainly used under pressure, when oil is supplied through pipelines by means of a pump.

Some elements are lubricated by splashing or dipping in oil.

Two-stroke and four-stroke engines

The device of the engine of the car of the first kind now is applied in rather narrow range: on mopeds, inexpensive motorcycles, boats and benzosilkas. Its disadvantage is the loss of the working mixture during the removal of exhaust gases. In addition, forced blowing and excessive requirements for the thermal stability of the exhaust valve are the reason for the increase in the price of the engine.

In the four-stroke engine, these drawbacks are not due to the presence of a gas distribution mechanism. However, this system also has its own problems. The best mode of operation of the motor will be achieved in a very narrow range of crankshaft rotations.

The development of technology and the emergence of electronic BUs made it possible to solve this problem. The internal device of the engine now includes electromagnetic control, with which the optimal mode of gas distribution is selected.

Principle of operation

ICE operates as follows. After the working mixture enters the combustion chamber, it contracts and ignites from the spark. When burned in a cylinder, an extremely strong pressure is generated, which drives the piston. He begins to advance to the bottom dead center, which is the third stroke (after the intake and compression), called the working stroke. At this time, thanks to the piston, the crankshaft rotates. The piston, in turn, moving to the top dead center, pushes out the exhaust gases, which is the fourth stroke of the engine - release.

All four-stroke work is quite simple. To make it easier to understand both the general device of the car engine and its operation, it is convenient to watch a video demonstrating the functioning of the engine of the ICE.

Tuning

Many car owners, having got used to the car, wish to receive from it more possibilities, than it is capable to give. Therefore, often to do this, tuning the engine, increasing its power. This can be done in several ways.

For example, chip-tuning is known, when by computer reprogramming the motor is tuned for more dynamic operation. This method has both supporters and opponents.

A more traditional method is tuning the engine, in which some of its modifications are carried out. For this, the crankshaft is replaced with suitable pistons and connecting rods; A turbine is installed; Complex manipulations with aerodynamics and so on are carried out.

The device of the car engine is not so difficult. However, due to the huge number of elements entering into it, and the need to harmonize them among themselves, in order for any alterations to have the desired result, the high professionalism of the person who will implement them is required. Therefore, before deciding on this, it is worth spending the effort to find a true master of his craft.