Information process: examples. Information and information processes (informatics)

The whole history of the development of human activity is inextricably linked with the development of means of accumulation, transmission and processing of information. Very important for the life of every person and society as a whole is the preservation of data. Back in ancient times, people were faced with the need to preserve information.

Terms and Definitions

Information is information about the objects of the surrounding world, which are perceived by a person, an animal, a plant world or a special device.

A medium is a physical medium on which information can be captured or inside.

The data store is information stored on external media that is designed for long-term storage and permanent use. The main characteristics: volume, reliability, access time (time to search for necessary messages), availability of information protection. In modern conditions various materials are used for the preservation of materials.

Informatics is the science of data and processes in nature and society, methods and means of obtaining, storing, processing, transferring, using and managing processes.

Information technology is a combination of means and methods of collecting, processing, storing, transferring and protecting information.

Information process: examples in systems

Let us consider a system as artificial as the library. It carries out at least four basic information processes:

• Storage - books and other printed materials are located in the library;
• Search - when the reader orders a book, the librarian must find it;
• Transfer - the information presented in the book, transmitted to the reader;
• Processing - when the library receives a new literature, the data about which is cataloged; Reading, the reader processes the data, thereby the information process takes place.

Examples of such processes can also be observed in a technical system, say, in a mobile communication system. One of the most important is the process of using data, through which the information needs of systems and their elements are met.

Information system - these are the elements (equipment, software, data) which, interacting with each other, provide users with the necessary information as an information process. Examples of the use of today's information systems can be found everywhere: at enterprises, banks and institutions. They help to carry out accounting, provide information to employees and ensure the operation of industrial equipment (automatic lines, machine tools, etc.).

Teaching the basics of information technology

For example, the educational topic "Information and Information Processes" (the latter will be formulated in the form of requirements for knowledge and skills of students) will be considered.

Students need to know the notion of information technology; The name and purpose of the main software systems.

Also, students should be able to fix the subject area and its objects, select and select (or develop) methods for solving this problem in a specific subject area.

At all stages of the development of the society, such technologies were used to ensure the exchange of data between people, reflected the appropriate level and possibilities of using systems for recording, storing, processing and transferring data, thereby developing the information process.

Examples in the computer science of the tasks of mastering the school course:

• Acquaint students with the notion of information technology;
• Form the concept of technology as a set of methods, tools and techniques that are used to solve problems in a specific subject area;
• Master the basic skills of working with a personal computer;
• Show the role and place of information technology in modern society.

Methodology of information technology training

Basic knowledge of the study of information technology is computer information, information processes. 8th grade of secondary school is the initial level of getting these skills. We note the main points on the methodology for obtaining such knowledge.

1. Use the classification of information technologies to select software and technology solutions for specific subject areas to study.
2. Develop a system of exercises for solving problems from different subject areas.
3. It is necessary to identify the main didactic units for the training of new technologies.
4. Use information technologies and processes to study the software of a single interface. Tools that are not based on the graphical user interface (GUI from the English Graphic User Interface) have a command structure based on a hierarchical menu.
5. It is expedient to immediately acquaint students with the terms: what is information and information processes, informatics, and familiarize them with professional tools in order to ensure the practical significance of knowledge.
6. When teaching information and communication technologies it is desirable to use information models.
7. The main method of training should be a method of expediently selected tasks and a method of demonstrating examples based on the extensive use of interactive technologies.

Information model

An information model is a description of an object or process that indicates some of its typical properties and characteristics that are important for a particular task. Mathematical modeling today is an essential factor in various spheres of human activity: in planning, forecasting, management, in the design of mechanisms and systems. The study of real phenomena with the help of such models, as a rule, requires the application of computational methods. At the same time, the following are widely used: probability theory and mathematical statistics, informatics, computational and mathematical information process. Examples of modeling, the purpose of which is to obtain numerical values of process or phenomenon parameters, are very numerous: analytical, computational, and simulation.

Method for acquainting students with the concept of a model

The substantial modeling line next to the information process line is one of the basics of the computer science course. At the same time, it should not be considered that this topic is only theoretical in nature and is separated from all other topics. Programming of information technologies - DBMS, table editors and others - should be considered as methods for processing information models. It is advisable to note that the formation of a correct understanding of the content of solving problems among students is one of the important goals of studying the course of computer science, which is achieved gradually. The concept of a model is directly related to the concept of an object. But in reality there is no precise definition. Introducing this concept, you can simply note that in the life of a person surround various manifestations of animate and inanimate nature, which can be called objects of human attention.

Ideas and methods of structured programming

The use of methods of structured programming forms the skills of strict observance of the discipline of labor in constructing algorithms, which largely contributes to the development of logical thinking of students already at the early stages of studying the basics of algorithmization. It is important to show to students that an instruction to perform and obtain a solution to some problem can be viewed as a separate assignment that represents the desired results and will be provided as a specific value that depends on the input data. Since not every exercise can be fulfilled for students, it becomes necessary to submit it in the form of some finite ordered set of instructions on how to perform simple actions, which will also lead to the desired results. It is important that students, analyzing specially selected examples, come to the conclusion that the degree of detail of the tasks posed depends on the set of operations that the performer of the algorithm can perform.

Educational algorithmic language

Important questions of the methodology of teaching the basics of algorithmization include the choice of the programming method for studying in secondary schools. Schooling should be conducted on the basis of a specially created language. This not only assimilates the dictionary and a set of grammatical rules, but also opens the way to a new style of thinking. The question of choosing a programming language was considered in the works of many scientists, where different ways of offering the educational information process were proposed. Examples in the informatics of methods for studying this subject are as follows:

1. When solving scientific and production problems.
2. On machine-oriented languages.
3. Mastering specific programming languages and schemes.
4. Training based on a specially developed educational algorithm.

Practice has shown that none of the first 3 ways justifies itself in the context of studying the general educational subject of computer science, since they do not solve the task of forming the foundations of the information culture of students. Therefore, to solve the cognitive tasks of the training course, it is necessary to combine the basic ideas of each of the proposed ways.

Means for information processing

The process of information provision with means for analyzing information objects is the use of application programs that are created specifically for such processing. You can offer the following training scheme for students:

1. Demonstration with the help of concrete examples of the characteristics of the possibilities of using the environment.
2. The analysis of objects, types of messages, ways of their representation, ways of reception of results of processing of messages.
3. Familiarization with the main components of the environment interface.
4. Rules for working with the built-in help system.
5. Introduction to the main functions and operating modes of the environment.
6. Study of a specific program (according to a separate scheme).
7. Theoretical generalization of the main operating modes and functions of the environment.
8. Theoretical generalization at the level of basic instructions.
9. Performing similar tasks in another environment of similar purpose.

Visual programming system

At each event, forms and controls can somehow "react" according to the written code that is created by the user for each object separately. In this process, each step should be described in detail. One of the drawbacks of this style is that the person who composes the project must record everything himself. In programming, oriented to reaction to events, instead of a detailed description of each step, the author should indicate how to respond to various events (or user actions), to which, for example, you can include the choice of instructions, mouse click, mouse movement, etc. One event can provide for some reaction, the other - just ignore it. In this case, not one large program is created, but several, which consist of a set of interrelated procedures that are managed by the user.

The method of studying the environment of visual programming

One of the reasons for the low performance of most students is the slow adaptation to the information load. A large amount of material on different subjects leads to the fact that a significant number of students can not understand it. Improvement of the situation is possible in particular due to the choice of approaches to learning. One such approach is based on building in children's thinking a "model" of the subject matter of each science. This involves performing mental activities such as searching for patterns, finding analogies, searching for hierarchical relationships among objects, comparing, etc. One of the ways of forming intellectual skills and different types of thinking of students can be considered the study of object-oriented programming. This approach involves a new understanding of the computational processes, as well as the structuring of data in the computer's memory. In the oriented approach, the concept of an object containing "knowledge" about the essence of the real world is introduced. The object or set of objects has an important functional significance in this field. When creating such an object in the system, the student must allocate in it essential for use problems, know and be able to use any information processes. The test or examination should be conducted on the ability to form or apply in practice the ability to compare, highlight the main, generalize.