Designing of apartment houses: features, stages and recommendations

которых будут описаны далее, бывают разной объемно-пространственной, планировочной структуры и этажности. Residential houses, the design standards of which will be described later, are of different volume-spatial, planning structure and number of storeys. Between them and the external environment, various types of connections can be formed. The correct definition of the number of storeys of structures, the volume-planning structure is important both in architectural and in economic terms.

Competent construction and design of residential buildings provides a solution to socially important tasks. Due to this, proper conditions are created for the life of people.

Select number of storeys

производится с учетом, в первую очередь, экономических факторов. Design of multi-apartment houses is done taking into account, first of all, economic factors. Among them, in particular, include the need for the installation of elevators, garbage chutes and other elements. They significantly increase the cost of designing a residential house and works on its erection. Buildings up to 5 floors, and in the northern and southern regions - up to four, are not equipped with elevators. In such buildings, walls, constructions of foundations, coatings are rationally used. 4-5-storey buildings are erected mainly in medium, small, partially large cities, the population of which is not more than 250 thousand, and also in settlements for 10 thousand or more people. This ensures rational use of the territory, engineering networks, transport.

Stages of designing an apartment house

The creation of a construction plan includes:

• Pre-project stage. It, in turn, consists of two stages: the collection of information and methodological processing of information.
• Sketchy stage. During this process, a solution is sought. The design stage is considered to be the central link in designing. At this stage, the main idea is formulated.

• Creative development. This stage is, in fact, design. It can take quite a long time. In developing the main task is to achieve internal consistency, the interrelation of all aspects of the architectural solution. . Required parameters of the construction contains a task for the design of a residential building .

Progress

начинается с пространственной интерпретации функционального чертежа. The design of residential buildings begins with a spatial interpretation of the functional drawing. In the process of work, all rooms should be divided into specific groups. Their placement horizontally and vertically is determined by the functional relationships established between them. The grouping scheme, the construction plan, the layout of the premises are compiled in accordance with the type of the building. The most important by design and large rooms should form the core of the composition. The planning diagram is drawn in one line. Then build it on the allocation of the composite core and structural nodes. After fulfilling the functional requirements, the volumetric structure of the structure is formed.

Requirements for the master plan: main provisions

средней этажности выполняется в соответствии с особенностями размещения участка в функциональной структуре сельских, городских и иных поселений. The design of medium-storey residential buildings is carried out in accordance with the features of the location of the site in the functional structure of rural, urban and other settlements. The types of the latter are defined in the GRK (Article 5). When deciding the general plan, it is necessary to distinguish between areas - favorable, unacceptable for development and areas, where special measures are required, in accordance with the SNiP guidelines.

Required Activities

домов выполняется при соблюдении предписаний по: The design of residential buildings is carried out in compliance with the requirements for:

• Conservation of nature.
• Protection of the terrain from exhaust gases and noise of highways, radiation of a different nature.

Comprehensive work to ensure the protection and recovery of the external environment from the negative impact associated with the implementation of economic and other activities, it is necessary to provide for in accordance with regulatory enactments regulating environmental safety.

Options

Carrying out the design of houses, the performers should provide hydrants for fire extinguishing. Between the long parts of the four-story buildings, the distance should be at least 20 m, between them and the ends of buildings with windows - not less than 10 m. These intervals may be reduced, provided that the standards of illumination and insolation are maintained, and if the windows are not viewed from one window to another. Buildings with apartments on the ground floor must be located with an indent from the red line. Along it it is allowed to place buildings with built-in or attached public areas. The recommended ceiling height is 2.8 m.

Entry group

предусматривает включение в план: The design of residential buildings provides for the inclusion in the plan:

• Tamburov. They can be double or single, depending on climatic conditions.
• The lobby area.
• Premises for the attendant at the entrance.

When planning the entrance group, it is necessary to provide for freedom of access to a dwelling for low-mobility citizens in accordance with the requirements prescribed in SNiP 35-01.

Lobby

These premises in apartment buildings, except for blocked ones, are divided into built-in / attached, separately located or partially unfinished ground floor. In terms of the location of the lobby can be different. In practice, deployment options are used with respect to the node of vertically extending communications in the structural and planning cell adjacent to the staircase-elevator system or the opposite one.

Room on duty

It must be placed so that it can be observed from the entrance door from the vestibule to the lobby. If the latter is not provided for in the structure, then an overview of the accesses to the ladder should be provided. For outdoor observation , a video system can be installed. In the room it is necessary to provide communication with the dispatching service, and if there is an appropriate instruction in the task - with the apartments.

Subscriber cabinets

In apartment buildings, except for blocked houses, it is recommended to place mailboxes in the vestibules (in the absence of an elevator) on the intermediate or main staircase on the first floor and in the passage to the stairs. When installing cabinets, their dimensions must be taken into account. They are hung on walls or installed in special niches at a height of not less than 60 cm from the floor. It is not recommended to mount cabinets on the surfaces adjacent to the apartments.

Storerooms

On the basement, first or basement floor may be provided for non-residential business premises. Their number is determined by the design task. Before the storeroom corridors are provided, the width of which is not less than 1.1 m. In the rooms themselves there must be a fire protection system.

Apartment

It is considered the main element of an apartment house. The apartment can accommodate different purposes. They can be residential, open, ancillary. In each apartment engineering networks are provided. When designing a power supply for a residential building, it is necessary to determine the entry points of the wiring in each room. In the composition of apartments social purpose is allowed, and in other types of objects it is recommended to arrange open spaces. They include, in particular, terraces, verandas, balconies, loggias, etc.

The apartment must meet the needs of a particular person and meet the needs of the family as a whole. This fact determines the duality of the requirements imposed on such premises. Apartments should be isolated from each other, but individually should form a single space.

Rooms

They are intended for direct living of people. Rooms are considered the main part of the apartment. They are divided into types, depending on the purpose. So, the rooms are used for all-family activities. These are personal spaces (bedrooms, cabinets). In addition, there may be dining rooms, living rooms, play rooms, etc.

Designing of private houses and cottages

Before the beginning of drawing up of the sketch of the future building it is necessary to determine its purpose. The house can be for permanent residence or used only at certain times of the year. In addition, the importance is the number of people who will be in it. The project should calculate the number of rooms for family members and guests. At the preparatory stage, you also need to determine whether there will be other buildings on the site.

Architectural solution

Drawing up the project, the artist draws the location of all rooms with their dimensions, thinks over additional rooms, marks the areas where the doors and windows will be located. Making out the architectural solution, it is necessary to determine the material from which the structural elements will be made. Drawing drawings can be done on paper or a computer, using special programs.

Constructive measures

When drafting a project, it is necessary to calculate all the elements of the structure. It is important to determine exactly the type of foundation and the level of its penetration. It is necessary to calculate the thickness of the walls, choose inter-floor coverings, correctly place the rafters, provide a chimney. As a result, a complex of drawings with plans for structural elements is formed. In this case, explanatory notes are compiled for each scheme. In them the necessary materials are specified, their expense is calculated.

Engineering and technical communications

They need special attention during design. The plan for engineering and technical communications is one of the most important sections of the documentation. Without it, a quality building can not be built. In the engineering and technical plan, the water supply, ventilation, sewage, heating, and energy supply systems are calculated. It should include all stages of the production of communications. The project indicates the power of the entire building, describes the wiring diagram, grounding systems. A separate section contains a drawing of the alarm system.

Conclusion

The project of a residential building includes the following parts:

• Album with diagrams and specifications.
• Explanatory notes.
• Estimate.

In the graphic section there are general and situational plans, drawings of floors with furniture, facades, and a section of the building. The project is a complex and expensive part of the construction, the cost of which can be from 1 to 10% of the cost of construction works.