Complex syntactic construction: examples of sentences. Punctuation marks in complex syntactic constructions

In Russian there is a large number of syntactic constructions, but the scope of their application is one - the transmission of written or oral speech. They sound in the usual colloquial, and in business, and in scientific language, they are used in poetry and prose. It can be both simple and complex syntactic constructions, the main purpose of which is to correctly convey the thought and meaning of what has been said.

The concept of complex structures

Many writers prefer to present the narrative in their works with the help of simple and short sentences. These include Chekhov ("brevity - the sister of talent"), Babel, O. Henry and others. But there are authors who use sentences with a complex syntactic structure to not only fully convey the description, but also the emotions it causes. The most widespread they received from such authors as Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, Nabokov and others.

A complex syntactic structure is a sentence in which there are different types of syntactic relationships. They can combine:

• Writing and bondless communication: "Big snowflakes at first slowly sank to the pavement, and then fell more quickly - the blizzard began."
• Unionless with subordinates: "In the evening the weather deteriorated sharply, no one wanted to go for a walk when I finished my business."
• Mixed type: "All the guests went into the hall silently, took their seats, and only after that they began to whisper in conversation until the one who invited them came to the door."
• Composing and subordinate connections: "A large beautiful sheet of maple fell to my feet, and I decided to pick it up to put the house in a vase."

To properly compose complex syntactic constructions, you should know how exactly their parts are related. This also affects the arrangement of punctuation marks.

Writing type of connection

In Russian, a complex syntactic structure can consist of parts that are interconnected by one of the three types of connections - coherent, subordinate and unionless or all at the same time. Syntactic structures with a compositional type of connection combine two or more equal sentences, connected by a creative union.

Between them, one could put a point or change their places, since each of them is independent, but together in meaning they form a single whole, for example:

• Read this book and you will discover a completely new vision of reality. (Between the two sentences you can put a point, and the content will remain the same).
• A storm was approaching, and dark clouds appeared in the sky, and the air was filled with moisture, and the first gust of wind stirred up the crowns of trees. (Parts can be swapped, but the meaning of the sentence will be the same).

The writing connection can be one of the connecting components in complex sentences. There are examples of its combination with an associationless connection.

Unification with the help of intonation

A complex syntactic structure often combines a creative link with an unrelated one. So called complex sentences, parts of which are interconnected only by intonation, for example:

"The girl accelerated step (1): the composition, puffing, approached the station (2), and this was confirmed by the whistle of the locomotive (3)".

Between the first and second parts of the structure, an alliance relationship, and the second and third sentences are united by a cohesive bond, they are completely equal, and between them one can put an end.

In this example, there is a combination of writing with an associationless connection, united by a single lexical meaning.

Constructions with a coherent and subordinate connection

Proposals in which one part is principal and the other dependent, are called compound. In this case, from the first to the second one one can always ask a question, regardless of where it is located, for example:

• I do not like (when?) When they interrupt me. (The main part is at the beginning of the sentence).
• When people interrupt me, I do not like it (when?). (The sentence begins with a subordinate component).
• Natasha decided (for how long?) That she would leave for a long time (for what reason?), Because what happened had a big impact on her. (The first part of the sentence is the main one with respect to the second, while the second part is relative to the third).

Combined into one whole, the compositional and subordinate connections form complex syntactic constructions. Examples of sentences will be considered below.

"I realized (1) that I was waiting for new tests (2), and this awareness gave me strength (3)".

The first part is the main one with respect to the second, since they are connected by a subordinate link. The third is joined to them by a cohesive bond through the union and.

"The boy was already ready to cry (1), and tears already filled his eyes (2), when the door was opened (3) so that he could follow after his mother (4)."

The first and second sentences are connected by a song with the help of the union "and". The second, third and fourth parts of the construction are connected by submission.

In complex syntactic constructions, the sentences from which they are composed can be complicated. Let's consider an example.

"The wind rose, increasing with every impulse (1), and people hid their faces in the collars (2) when they were overtaken by a new squall (3)".

The first part is complicated by a verbal participle.

Types of unionless and subordinate structures

In the Russian language it is often possible to meet non-union proposals, combined with a subordinate form of communication. In such designs, there may be 3 or more parts, some of which are major for some and dependent on others. To them are joined parts without conjunctions with the help of intonation. This is the so-called complex syntactic construction (examples below) with a subordinate-bonded relationship:

"In moments of extreme fatigue, I had a strange feeling (1) - I do that (2), to which I do not have a soul at all (3)."

In this example, the 1st and 2nd parts are related by common meaning and intonation, whereas the 2nd (main) and the 3rd (dependent) is a complex sentence.

"When the snow fell on the street (1), my mother wrapped me in numerous scarves (2), because of this I could not move normally (3), which made it extremely difficult to play with other guys in snowballs."

In this sentence, the second part is the main one in relation to the first, but it is related to the third intonation. In turn, the third sentence is the main one in relation to the fourth and is a complex structure.

In one complex syntactic structure, some parts can be joined without an alliance, but at the same time be part of a compound sentence.

Construction with all types of connection

A complex syntactic structure, in which all types of communication are used simultaneously , is infrequent. Similar sentences are used in artistic texts, when the author wishes to transmit the events and actions in one sentence as accurately as possible, for example:

"All the sea was covered with waves (1), which became larger when they approached the shore (2), they broke with a noise about a solid barrier (3), and with a discontented hissing the water receded (4) to return and strike with renewed vigor 5)".

In this example, the 1 st and 2 nd parts are connected by a subordinate link. The second and the third are unionless, between the 3rd and the 4th are the writing connection, and the fourth and fifth are again subordinate. Such complicated syntactic constructions can be divided into several sentences, but when they form a single whole, they carry an additional emotional coloring.

Separation of offers with different types of communication

Punctuation marks in complex syntactic constructions are put on the same basis as in complex, compound and unofficial sentences, for example:

• When the sky in the east began to turn gray, a roar of cocks was heard. (Subordinate communication).
• A light haze lay in the valley, and the air trembled over the herbs. (Compound sentence).
• When the disk of the sun rose above the horizon, as if the whole world was filled with sounds - birds, insects and animals welcomed a new day. (The comma stands between the main and dependent parts of the compound sentence, and the dash separates it from the unassociated).

If you combine these sentences into one, you get a complex syntactic structure (class 9, syntax):

"When the sky in the east began to turn gray, there was a roar of the cock (1), a light haze lay in the valley, and the air trembled over the grass (2), when the disk of the sun rose above the horizon, as if the whole world was filled with sounds - birds, insects and animals welcomed the new Day (3) ".

Analysis of complex syntactic constructions

To parse a sentence with different types of communication, you need:

• Determine its type - narrative, imperative or interrogative;
• Find out how many simple sentences it consists of, and find their boundaries;
• Determine the types of links between parts of the syntactic structure;
• Characterize each block in structure (complex or simple sentence);
• Draw up his scheme.

So you can parse the construction with any number of links and blocks.

Applying sentences with different kinds of links

Similar constructions are used in colloquial speech, as well as in journalism and fiction. They convey the feelings and emotions of the author to a greater extent than those written separately. A great master, who used complex syntactic constructions, was Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.