Chemistry: oxides, their classification and properties

Oxides, their classification and properties are the basis of such an important science as chemistry. They begin to study in the first year of teaching chemistry. In such exact sciences as mathematics, physics and chemistry, all the material is interconnected, that's why the lack of knowledge of the material entails a lack of understanding of new topics. Therefore, it is very important to understand the topic of oxides and fully orientate in it. We will talk about this today and try to talk in more detail.

What are oxides?

Oxides, their classification and properties - this is what you need to understand first. So, what are oxides? Do you remember this from the school program?

Oxides (or oxyls) are complex substances, binary compounds, which include atoms of the electronegative element (less electronegative than oxygen) and oxygen with a degree of oxidation -2.

Oxides are incredibly abundant substances on our planet. Examples of the oxide compound are water, rust, some dyes, sand and even carbon dioxide.

Oxide formation

Oxides can be obtained in a variety of ways. The formation of oxides is also studied by such a science as chemistry. Oxides, their classification and properties - that's what scientists need to know to understand how this or that oxide was formed. For example, they can be obtained by directly connecting an atom (or atoms) of oxygen with a chemical element-this is the interaction of chemical elements. However, there is also the indirect formation of oxides, this is when oxides are formed by the decomposition of acids, salts or bases.

Classification of oxides

Oxides and their classification depend on how they were formed. By their classification, oxides are divided into two groups, the first of which is salt-forming, and the second is non-salt-forming. So, let's consider both groups in more detail.

Salt-forming oxides are a fairly large group that is divided into amphoteric, acidic and basic oxides. As a result of any chemical reaction, salt-forming oxides form salts. As a rule, the elements of metals and non-metals enter into the composition of oxides of oxides, which, as a result of chemical reaction with water, form acids, but interact with bases to form the corresponding acids and salts.

Non-oxy-forming oxides are those oxides that do not form a salt as a result of a chemical reaction. Examples of such oxides are nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides.

Amphoteric oxides

Oxides, their classification and properties are very important in the chemistry of the concept. Salt formers include amphoteric oxides.

Amphoteric oxides are those oxides that can exhibit basic or acidic properties, depending on the conditions of chemical reactions (show amphotericity). Such oxides are formed by transition metals (copper, silver, gold, iron, ruthenium, tungsten, rutherfordium, titanium, yttrium and many others). Amphoteric oxides react with strong acids, and as a result of the chemical reaction they form salts of these acids.

Acidic oxides

Acidic oxides or anhydrides are those oxides that, in chemical reactions, exhibit acidic properties, and also form oxygen-containing acids. Anhydrides are always formed by typical non-metals, as well as by some transitional chemical elements.

Oxides, their classification and chemical properties are important concepts. For example, in acidic oxides, chemical properties are completely different from amphoteric ones. For example, when the anhydride reacts with water, the corresponding acid is formed (except SiO2- silicon oxide). Anhydrides react with alkalis, and as a result of such reactions water and soda are released. When interacting with basic oxides, a salt is formed.

Basic oxides

The basic (from the word "base") oxides are oxides of chemical elements of metals with degrees of oxidation +1 or +2. These include alkali, alkaline earth metals, as well as a chemical element of magnesium. The basic oxides differ from others in that they are the ones that are able to react with acids.

The basic oxides interact with acids, in contrast to acidic oxides, as well as with alkalis, water, other oxides. As a result of these reactions, as a rule, salts are formed.

Properties of oxides

If we carefully study the reactions of various oxides, we can independently draw conclusions about the chemical properties of oxides. The general chemical property of absolutely all oxides is the oxidation-reduction process.

But nevertheless, all the oxides differ from each other. The classification and properties of oxides are two interrelated themes.

Non-forming oxides and their chemical properties

Non-oxy-forming oxides are a group of oxides that exhibit no acidic, basic, or amphoteric properties. As a result of chemical reactions with non-salt-forming oxides, no salts are formed. Previously, such oxides were called not non-salt-forming, but indifferent and indifferent, but such names do not correspond to the properties of non-salt-forming oxides. By their properties, these oxyls are fully capable of chemical reactions. But there are very few non-forming oxides, they are formed by univalent and divalent non-metals.

From non-salt-forming oxides, as a result of a chemical reaction, salt-forming oxides can be obtained.

Nomenclature

Almost all oxides are usually called: the word "oxide", followed by the name of the chemical element in the genitive case. For example, Al2O3 is aluminum oxide. In the chemical language, this oxide is read as follows: aluminum 2 to 3. Some chemical elements, such as copper, can have several degrees of oxidation, respectively, the oxides will also be different. Then the oxide CuO is copper oxide (two), that is, with a degree of oxidation of 2, and Cu2O is copper oxide (three), which has an oxidation degree of 3.

But there are other names of oxides, which are distinguished by the number of oxygen atoms in the compound. Monoxide or monoxide refers to such oxides, which contain only one oxygen atom. Dioxides are called oxyls, which contain two oxygen atoms, as reported by the prefix "di". Trioxides are those oxides in which there are already three oxygen atoms. Such names as monoxide, dioxide and trioxide are already obsolete, but are often found in textbooks, books and other manuals.

There are also so-called trivial names of oxides, that is, those that have developed historically. For example, CO is an oxide or carbon monoxide, but even chemists most often call it carbon monoxide.

So, oxide is the combination of oxygen with a chemical element. The main science that studies their formation and interactions is chemistry. Oxides, their classification and properties are several important topics in the science of chemistry, not understanding that one can not understand everything else. Oxides are both gases, minerals, and powders. Some oxides are worth knowing in detail not only scientists, but also ordinary people, because they can even be dangerous for life on this earth. Oxides are a very interesting and easy enough topic. Oxide compounds are very common in everyday life.