Chelyabinsk: the history of the city. Day of the city of Chelyabinsk. Coat of arms

Chelyabinsk is a city that occupies the 7th place in the Russian Federation in terms of population. Because of its geographical location, it is often called the gateway to Siberia, which accurately reflects its role as an important transport hub and connecting link between Russian regions. The history of the creation of Chelyabinsk and its transformation into one of the most important industrial centers of our country is interesting for everyone who is interested in the past of our Motherland. Therefore, in the article we will describe it in detail.

History of Chelyabinsk

At the moment, the most plausible version is considered according to which the toponym originated from the Turkic word "chelebi", which translates as "prince" or "educated". There is also an opinion based on the stories of the descendants of the first settlers, that the Chelyabin fortresses were named because of the tract, that is, the "silke" ("hollow") on the Bashkir. The latest version is indirectly confirmed by the notes of the famous medieval German traveler Johann Gmelin, who visited the Chelyabinsk Fortress in 1742.

Base

The need for a fortress located on the border of the Urals and Siberia arose in the beginning of the XIX century.

It is officially considered that the year of foundation of Chelyabinsk is 1736th. It was then that on the site of the large Bashkir village of Chelyab, Colonel AI Tevkelev (Kutlu-Mukhammed) laid the Russian fortress. It began to be built with the consent of the owner of the land of Tarkhan Taimas Shaimov. This was the reason that over time the Bashkirs were exempt from taxation. Later, the leadership of the construction of the Chelyabinsk fortress was entrusted to Major Ya. Pavlutsky, who, according to some reports, several years earlier, on instructions from the command, was looking for a place to found the city.

In the first half of the 18th century

As already mentioned, in 1742 Chelyabinsk (the history of the city contains many surprising facts) was visited by IG Gmelin. He composed the first description of the fortress. According to this document, it was on the southern bank of the Miyass River, and in the fortification plan it was similar to Miyasska, however, it was large. At the same time, she had only wooden walls of lying logs, each of which was about 60 fathoms long (160-170 m).

In the spring of 1748 in Chelyabinsk, the construction of the first stone church, which became the main cathedral of the Iset province, began. Soon the city began to expand actively, and there appeared various public institutions.

In the second half of the 18th century

One of the most significant events in its history occurred in 1774, when voevod A. Verevkin was able to withstand the siege of the Pugachevites. However, a few months later the insurgents could enter Chelyabinsk and deal with the authorities. The liberation of the city was helped by General IA Delkong, who arrived with reinforcements.

If you are interested, what year of the founding of Chelyabinsk as a city, then this is the 1781st - 45 years after the founding of the fortress. It took such a long time that the Bashkir village with the fort turned into a large settlement. This fact was marked by awarding him the status of a district town. In addition, a decree of Empress Catherine II approved the coat of arms of Chelyabinsk, on which a loaded camel was depicted in the lower part of the provincial shield.

In 1788, a world-scale event took place in Chelyabinsk: a group of doctors headed by S. Andrievsky studied the symptoms of anthrax, gave the name to this disease and invented a serum capable of protecting a person from a deadly disease.

In the XIX century

The new century was marked by the development of trade and crafts. Due to its geographical location and location on traditional caravan routes (the coat of arms of Chelyabinsk is a reflection of this circumstance) by the middle of the XIX century the city firmly occupied one of the leading places in the fair trade of the Urals. However, its rapid growth occurred after 1892. It was connected with the completion of the construction of the railway that connected Chelyabinsk with the European provinces of the Russian Empire. It is known that Alexander Tretiy himself intervened in the matter, repealing the previously proposed project, which presupposes the construction of a railway through Kazan-Yekaterinburg-Tyumen, bypassing the city. Since 1892 the Trans-Siberian Railway has been continued, further, to the east. The launch of the railroad to Yekaterinburg in 1896 further contributed to the employment of Chelyabinsk leading positions in the field of interregional trade. Suffice it to say that in a few years the local exchange was the first in Russia in terms of volumes of purchase / sale of bread and the second - in the trade of imported tea.

Chelyabinsk to the beginning of the XX century

In 1897 the population of Chelyabinsk was about 20,000 people. At the same time, its sharp growth was observed, which was associated with the appearance of new settlements around the railway station (detailed information on this can be found by visiting the museum of the history of the city of Chelyabinsk).

In parallel with this, educational institutions of various profiles were modernized and opened in the city, such as a religious school, a women's gymnasium, a real school, a trade school, etc. A railway workers' club and a people's house were built. As for the sphere of entrepreneurship, in Chelyabinsk there were about 1,500 commercial and industrial establishments, the total annual turnover of which was about 30 million rubles. Trade offices and dozens of representative offices of foreign companies engaged in supplying to the Russian Empire of ultramodern machines and equipment for those times were opened constantly.

For the rapid dynamics of development and accelerated growth Chelyabinsk (the history of the city in the XVIII-XIX centuries is presented above), even began to be called the Trans-Urals Chicago. Already by 1910 the city's population had tripled, and by 1917, it had grown to 70,000 people.

The history of Chelyabinsk during the revolutionary events and in the first years of Soviet power

After October 1917, the city, like the entire Russian Empire, found itself in a whirlpool of events. According to the surviving historical documents and eyewitness recollections, the power of the Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies was introduced not only peacefully, but also by armed means.

It is noteworthy that among representatives of historical science it is considered that a full-scale civil war began on May 14, 1918 after the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps on the railway. Station of Chelyabinsk. And even in the conditions of political instability the city continued to develop. In particular, in 1918, the Chelyabinsk elevator was put into operation, which was to play an important role in providing the region with grain.

By mid-1919, Chelyabinsk was finally restored and created new authorities, and from September 3, 1919, it became a provincial center, later - a district center.

In the pre-war period

At the beginning of 1934 the decision of the Central Executive Committee formed the Chelyabinsk region. The city became its administrative center, and in 1937, by a miracle, he avoided renaming Kaganovichvigrad.

At the same time, industrial development of Chelyabinsk did not stop for a minute. Suffice it to say that if by 1919 only 2 enterprises operated in the city, then from the beginning of the 1930s, there began to work abrasive, tractor, ferroalloy, machine-tool and zinc plants.

The Great Patriotic War

During the Second World War Chelyabinsk (the history of the city at the end of the 20th century will be told later) played an important role in providing the army with armored vehicles.

Since the beginning of the war, the city has taken several hundred thousand evacuees. As a result, the population of Chelyabinsk increased by 2.5 times, reaching 630,000 people. On the basis of more than 200 evacuated enterprises, by merging with local industries, industrial giants ChKPZ, ChMK, ChTPZ were created. In addition, from 1941 to 1945 Chelyabinsk (the history of the city in this period - this is a story about the mass labor feat of Soviet people) has become a place for people's commissars of tank industry, ammunition, medium engineering and power plants.

During this period, the capacities of the local tractor plant were connected to the evacuated Kharkov engine-building and Leningrad Kirov factories. This allowed the production of T-34 tanks to be set in record time. During the Second World War in Chelyabinsk, 60,000 diesels were produced for combat caterpillar armored cars. In addition, the factory named after Kolyushchenko mastered the production of the famous "Katyusha". Enterprises of Chelyabinsk in 1941-1945-ies also produced diesel engines, ammunition, electrical equipment for armored vehicles, parts for vehicles ZIS and tanks, as well as other products necessary for victory.

After the war

After the victory, Chelyabinsk became a supplier of machinery, equipment and labor for the restoration of Donbass, Stalingrad, DneproGES and other destroyed settlements and important industrial and power facilities of our country.

In 1947, the city development plan was approved. As a result of its implementation, new microdistricts and industrial enterprises appeared.

By 1960, the number of higher education institutions had risen sharply in the city, and in 1976 there was opened the CSU, which became the first classical university in the Southern Urals.

Especially rapid industrial growth in Chelyabinsk was recorded in the early 80's, when its enterprises took the leading positions in the production of stainless steel, pipes, ferroalloys and road vehicles.

The city also developed culturally. In particular, in the 80's there was opened a new building of a drama theater for 1,200 seats, a chamber and organ music hall, a geological museum, as well as monuments to the "New Way" and I. Kurchatov.

Modern period

The first half of the "dashing" 90-ies became a difficult period for Chelyabinsk, as it was marked by bankruptcy of enterprises, non-payment of salaries and underfunding of social programs. Fortunately, this situation lasted for a relatively short time, and by the end of this decade the industry had resumed its work in the city, and many mills and factories had entered the world market. There was also a revival in other spheres. In particular, in 1996 the zoo was opened. In 2004 the history of Chelyabinsk streets was replenished with a new page, as the famous Kirovka became pedestrian and turned into a favorite place for tourists and townspeople to walk. Two years later a new building was moved to the new building of the State Museum of the Southern Urals, and in 2009 - the ice arena "Tractor", which accommodates 7,500 spectators.

Of the well-known events that occurred in Chelyabinsk in the last decade, we can note the fall of the meteorite, when 7 320 buildings suffered from a blast wave.

Chelyabinsk city day

In 2016 this holiday was special. After all, the city turned 280 years old! Chelyabinsk celebrated the city's day on September 10 with magnificent festivities and festivities. A total of 60 events took place. Since it was impossible to fit them all in 24 hours, the festival lasted for several days and many metropolitan stars took part in it.

Now you know what interesting events took place in the city of Chelyabinsk. Today he is one of the industrial giants of our country and looks confidently in the future.

If you are interested in the history and traditions of Chelyabinsk, be sure to visit this city, where your curiosity can be met by visiting museums and communicating with local people.