Cellular organoids are permanent structures that ensure the performance of specific functions in the process of its vital activity - growth and development, division and reproduction, etc. Eukaryotic (nuclear) cells of plants and animals have a similar structure and almost identical set of organelles, and prokaryotic (non-nuclear) cells have a primitive structure and are devoid of many organoids.
Cellular organoids, depending on the presence of membrane components, are divided into non-membrane and membrane ones. Non-membrane organelles include: ribosomes and centrioles and organoids of movement (microtubules and microfilaments). Ribosomes are rounded or elongated bodies, consisting of two units - large and small. Combining with each other, the ribosomes form polysomes. This organelle is present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotes. Ribosomes play a very important role, since they collect proteins from amino acids. Centrioles are hollow cylinders, which consist of triplets and microtubules. Centrioles form a cellular center, which takes part in cell division. The organoids of movement are hollow tubes or filaments that can freely occur in the cytoplasm or be part of flagella, cilia, or fission spindle.
Membrane organelle cells are divided into single and double-membrane. To single-membrane Include: EPS (endoplasmic membrane), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuole (found in plants and unicellular animals).
Endoplasmic reticulum is a branched network of channels and cavities that permeate the entire cell. It is divided into smooth and rough. Smooth EPS contains enzymes that are involved in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Rough EPS participates in the synthesis of protein, which occurs in ribosomes attached to it.
The device (complex) Golgi is a stacked pile of cavities that are connected to EPS. He actively participates in the metabolism and in the formation of lysosomes.
Lysosomes are small rounded corpuscles filled with an enzyme that is capable of splitting "broken" organelles and whole cells if necessary. Performs a protective function.
Two-membrane organelles of the cell are mitochondria and plastids inherent only in plants. Their feature is the presence of two membranes, external and internal. The external (external) membrane performs the function of exchange and communication of these organelles with other constituents of the cell, and the inner membrane forms folds, the space between them is filled with a matrix-liquid substance. The inner folds of the mitochondria are called cristae, and the plastid-chloroplasts are called granules. These cell organelles contain RNA and DNA. Mitochondria synthesize ATP, which subsequently serves as a source of energy. The function of plastids will depend on their coloring - colorless (or leukoplasts) store carbohydrates, in particular starch; Yellow, orange, red (or chromoplast) - give color to flowers and fruits; Green chloroplasts - provide synthesis of ATP and carbohydrates.
The main organelles of the cell, combined with each other by the cytoplasm and membranes, form a single integrated system.