Building, structure and structure. What is and how are they classified?

In civil, land and town-planning Russian law there are no such separate concepts as "building", "structure", "construction". And this leads to numerous disputes during construction, as well as the recognition of the above concepts as real estate objects. Another problem is to find out which of these buildings, structures and structures belong to the objects of capital construction, and which are not.

Building. What it is?

Technically and normatively, the concepts "structure", "building" and "construction" have long been defined. What is the building, describes OK 013-94 (All-Russian classifier of fixed assets). This is an architectural and construction facility designed to create certain conditions for the storage of values, work, cultural and social services for the population. Buildings should have a major part (roof and walls), as well as internal communications to ensure a normal operating period.

To internal communications carry:

• Water supply and sewerage systems;
• Heating system;
• Lighting system and wiring network;
• Ventilation mechanisms established by general sanitary standards;
• Lifts and lifts (for multi-storey construction).

Construction. What is this building object?

The construction is an engineering and construction object intended to create conditions for the production process without changing the subject of labor, but with the performance of some necessary technical functions. Each single structure, which is included in the number of the main structure, constituting a single object, is also called a structure .

What this element is, the following examples will show:

• The bridge (single object), and its elements: a bridge cloth, supports and a span structure are also constructions;
• Oil well - consists of a tower and casing;
• Trestle - consists of foundation, decking, supports, flying structures and fences.

Also, power lines, cable communication lines, pipelines and similar objects fall within the definition of "construction". What is this kind of buildings can be briefly summarized: it is all built by people with the purpose of satisfying material and spiritual needs.

Structure. What it is?

According to Russian civil law, the structure is a unifying term that includes the concepts of building and construction . What is the structure, we can say, in other words, is a building fixed on the land plot legally. That is, in the Russian legislation there is a form of buildings - a structure that has two types: a building and a structure. And many people, not having a technical education, all these three concepts perceive as synonyms.

Goals of classification

The most important task of carrying out this classification is to promote an economical solution when designing them, and not the problematic construction of structures and buildings.

The basis for dividing buildings into classes is their purpose and significance. Also installed are:

• Norms of operational characteristics and requirements for ensuring proper functioning of buildings (area and volume, internal and external decoration, sanitary, electrotechnical mechanisms);
• Norms on fire resistance and longevity of individual structural elements.

Separation by classes of buildings and structures occurs separately for each group of their species, similar to their destination (residential buildings, technical facilities, power lines, bridges and so on).

Main classification

By appointment, it can be:

• Heat-and-power construction - these are power lines, poles and supports and so on;
• Civil and industrial;
• A technical structure (an example of such a structure may be a dam);
• Road transport (here you can include a flyover, track, road bridge and junction).

For the same reason, buildings are divided into:

• Residential (intended for temporary or permanent residence);
• Production - where are placed different types of production;
• Public - serve to accommodate institutions of an administrative nature and for social services.

Additional classification

Depending on the material from which they are made, they are divided into:

• Wooden;
• Concrete;
• Stone;
• Reinforced concrete.

By the way of construction these objects are divided into:

• Monolithic;
• Prefabricated;
• From three-dimensional blocks.

Depending on the geometry:

• Point;
• Area;
• Linear.

Depending on the nature of the application, the objects are divided as follows:

• Permanent operation of structures and buildings;
• Temporary use.

Depending on the value, they are divided into:

• Auxiliary;
• Basic.

In terms of liability:

• highest level;
• Normal level;
• The lowered level.

Depending on the number of storeys, they are divided into:

• Low-rise, which have one or two floors;
• Of average height, have from three to five floors;
• Increased number of storeys (6-7 floors);
• Multi-storey (from eight to 29 floors);
• High-rise (from 30 to 100).

These objects are also divided into degrees in accordance with the durability, that is, the ability of the structural elements not to lose the assigned qualities for a normal operation process:

• First degree (more than one hundred years);
• Second degree (from 50 to 100 years);
• The third degree (from 20 to 50);
• Fourth degree (less than 20 years).

There is also a classification of refractoriness, which is determined by the duration in minutes:

• Loss of integrity;
• Loss of bearing capacity;
• Loss of thermal insulation.