Briefly on Lomonosov's theory of "three calm": why is it important for the development of the Russian language

M.V. Lomonosov is not only a fine poet, but also a talented scientist, whose contribution to science is difficult to overestimate. He did not confine himself to any one academic field or direction in art. One of the biggest contributions is the creation of the fundamentals of the grammar of the Russian language. Below we will briefly describe the theory of the "three calm" Lomonosov, thanks to which the language received stylistic design. Of course, this very teaching is not an opening, but it was Mikhail Vasilyevich who was able to systematize the Russian language with his help.

The theory of "three calm" Lomonosov: a summary

This very doctrine belongs to the rhetorical domain, and it was used in the ancient Roman, medieval literature. But Lomonosov's merit is that he adapted this theory to the peculiarities of the Russian language. The three styles that are the basis of the teaching were the following: high, medium and low. A brief summary of Lomonosov's theory of "three calm" will be considered in the table.

The scientist has established that the style directly depends on the theme of the presentation. Accordingly, the sublime subject must be discussed in high style, just by analogy other styles are chosen. The essence of this theory is that the main role in the literary language should be written and spoken, which communicates a large part of society. And in order for it to remain understandable and correct, it was necessary to monitor the fact that the language was not overloaded with Old Slavs and borrowed words, which are not always appropriate in speech.

High style

In a story about the theory of the "three calm" Lomonosov briefly should be written about the characteristics of each style. High calm consists of words, which are used in the usual Russian and Church Slavonic; It also includes words that are used only in church speech. But one condition was mandatory - all words should be in the Slavic language.

Middle style

To this kind of scientist was more loyal. The indicator of this attitude is that, unlike the high calm, this is a permissible combination of Church Slavonic and folk-to-the-street parts. It combines elements of low and high style. If the tall one had clear morphological and phonetic boundaries, this one differs inconsistency, therefore it is difficult for specialists to establish these indicators.

Low style

This version is characterized by the use of common speech, common words, which implies the impossibility of using ecclesiastical Slavs. A distinctive feature of the low style is the ability to include words and expressions that are not in the Slavic language. Below, the theory of the "three calm" Lomonosov in the table will be briefly presented.

Why the language needed this theory

Also, in the theory of Lomonosov's "three styles", a brief account should be given of the prerequisites for reform. Before the scientist systematized the lexical and grammatical levels, in the literary language there was a mixture of all kinds of linguistic elements. It consisted of obsolete words, the meaning of most of which was already incomprehensible to society, and borrowed, which became more in the time of Peter the Great. As a result, the Russian language lost its individuality, it was full of various barbarisms and had a difficult syntactic construction. Language, devoid of national characteristics, without a clear structure and systematization could not be the language of science and culture. Therefore, reform was necessary.

But Mikhail Vasilievich not only gave the Russian language a stylistic design, but also defined the framework in which this or that variety can be used. The introduction of this reform aroused public resonance, the society debated on the "old and new syllable". And before Lomonosov, the question was discussed that the Russian language needed changes. But it was the well-known scientist who found the method that was most effective in overcoming bilingualism, which had already become obsolete and did not allow the development of literary speech.

Lomonosov's contribution to the development of the Russian language as a science is huge, because he tried to consider literary speech from a scientific point of view. In the future, many poets and writers relied on this teaching. The middle style was the language of enlightened people, so it is so unstable, it includes elements of two other styles. But the mixing of high and low styles was considered unacceptable. Therefore, on the one hand, such rules allowed to preserve the purity of the language, on the other hand, writers were quite restricted. And although, despite the ambiguous assessment of the scientist's contemporaries, this teaching was a great step forward in the development of the Russian literary language.