Breathing in plants occurs in the cells of the organs. In the cells of which organs does respiration occur in plants?

Breathing involves systems that supply the body with oxygen. In plants it is identical to the animal. This process lasts around the clock. Breathing in plants occurs in the cells of organs located on the entire surface of leaves, stems and roots. It interacts with all cells of the body. If a representative of the flora has a blockage of cells, the flow of carbon dioxide will cease. In this case, the plant may die.

Historical reference

The fact that plants release oxygen during breathing was written in the scientific works of A.L. Lavoisier. In 1773-1783 he conducted experiments. The result of his work was the discovery that when burning and breathing, a large amount of oxygen is absorbed. At the same time, carbon dioxide and heat are released.

On the basis of his works, the scientist revealed that breathing is the burning of nutrients in a living body. Later this activity was continued by J. Ingenhaus. He proved that in the dark, and in the sunlight, carbon dioxide is absorbed and oxygen is released. This means that when breathing plants can process both CO ₂ and O ₂ , depending on whether light participates in this process or not.

Similar studies were carried out by H.F. Sheinbain and A.N. Bach. In 1897 the theory of biological oxidation was discovered . In the same year K. Engler presented similar works. In 1955 O. Khayishi and G.S. Mason with the help of experiments confirmed that oxygen is an important element of organic compounds.

Specificity of respiration in plants

A universal process is called breathing. It is considered an integral part of all living organisms. It is believed that respiration in plants occurs in the cells of organs and tissues through which gas exchange takes place. Such a system is associated with life, and the cessation of breathing - with the death of all life.

The manifestation of vital activity is inextricably linked with the expenditure of energy. At the same time, there is development, reproduction, growth, cell division. Nutrients, water, various syntheses and processes are moved and absorbed. The respiratory organs of plants are a complex multi-link system. Conjugated oxidative processes change the chemical composition of organic compounds.

Cell respiration

This breathing is an oxidative process. It involves oxygen and the breakdown of important nutrients. There is a release of energy and the formation of active metabolites. Cells are used to form the necessary vital processes. In this case, respiration in plants occurs in the cells of the organs and is calculated using the summary equation:

C6H12O6 + 602> 6C02 + 6H20 + 2875 kJ / mol.

The received energy is not released entirely. Part of the energy is accumulated in adenosine triphosphate. After synthesis, the differences in electrical charges are formed on the membrane. This phenomenon precedes the difference in the concentrations of hydrogen ions, which form on the two sides of the membrane. Breathing and nutrition of plants occur with a proton gradient. It is the main material of energy, necessary for the subtle processes taking place in the cell. Such processes are used in the synthesis, income, movement of water and nutrients. In the chemical structure, a potential difference is created between the environment and the cytoplasm. Energy, which could not accumulate in the proton gradient, is dissipated as light.

Catalytic breathing processes

Oxidation of substrates occurs with the help of enzymes. They are called protein catalysts. Enzymes have some peculiarities:

• Very high lability;
• Increased activity;
• Great specificity with respect to substrates.

The respiration and nutrition of plants depends on the spatial orientation, which changes under the influence of internal and external factors. There is a regulation of metabolism. Some oxidation methods are associated with the concept of electrons. Types of oxidation reactions:

• The recoil of electrons;
• Oxygen addition;
• Hydrogen removal;
• The formation of a hydrated compound;
• The removal of protons and two electrons.

Oxidation of a substance involves the reduction of the acceptor. Such enzymes are considered to be oxidoreductases. In this case, detachment of protons and electrons occurs. They accept the acceptor. The enzyme forms a transport reaction. Such processes include aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration

This breathing system refers to the oxidation process. When breathing, the plant absorbs carbon dioxide, thereby releasing oxygen. The substrate decomposes into energies of inorganic substances. The main substrates for breathing plants are carbohydrates. In addition to them, a supply of proteins and fats can be consumed.

This breath includes two main stages:

1. Anoxic process. In it, the slow gradual disintegration of substrates occurs, the liberation of hydrogen atoms and the binding of the process to coenzymes.
2. Oxygen process. Here, the subsequent cleavage of hydrogen atoms is observed. They depart from the respiratory substrate and are gradually oxidized. As a result, electrons transfer to oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration

Such breathing of plants occurs with the help of microorganisms living on plant cells. To oxidize substances, they do not use molecular oxygen. They need a nitric salt, coal and sulfuric acid, which in long-term processes turns into reduced compounds. The necessary energy is achieved by splitting the complex molecules of organic substances into the simplest ones. The final electron acceptor is carbonates, sulphates and nitrites. Nitric acid, sulfuric and carbonic acid are converted into reducing compounds.

Root system

An integral part of the process is the breathing of plant roots. For active growth, representatives of the flora need fresh air coming to the root system. Such breathing is carried out with the help of oxygen, which circulates in large pores.

With non-capillary porosity during prolonged downpours or an overabundance of moisture in the pot, the soil is oversaturated with moisture. During this period, the root system experiences asphyxiation. Some subspecies of plants can breathe due to oxygen dissolved in moisture. At the same time, the flow of water must circulate or be flowing. With stagnant moisture, the roots of the representatives of the flora do not receive the necessary oxygen.

Under acceptable conditions, when breathing, the plant absorbs carbon dioxide. But with a stagnant regime, it can not conduct a full gas exchange. The growth slows down considerably. With respect to nitrogen, the oxygen level is reduced by 21%. The use of mineral resources of the soil is ceased. The plant captures air, which comes from the leaves, stem and bark of the plant.

Meaning of breathing

Breathing in plants occurs in the cells of organs and is the main process of metabolism. Energy, which is released by breathing, is expended on the growth and activity of representatives of the flora.

The breathing of plants is compared with photosynthesis. The process goes through several stages. In the intermediate stages, organic compounds are formed. They are used in metabolic reactions. These include pentoses and organic acids, which are formed during respiratory decay. Therefore, breathing is usually considered a source of metabolites.

The respiratory system is considered the supplier of energy equivalents of NADPH and ATP. Plants breathe out oxygen. In this process, representatives of the flora form water. When the plant is dehydrated, it protects it from death.

Sometimes the energy of breathing can be released as heat. In this case, the respiratory process will result in an unnecessary expenditure of dry matter. The intensification of the respiration process for the plant itself is far from being useful in all cases.