Book and spoken phraseological units: examples

The time comes when schoolchildren begin to study what phraseological units are. Their study has become an integral part of the school curriculum. Knowledge of what phraseological units are and how they are used will be useful not only in the lessons of the Russian language and literature, but also in life. An abstract speech is a sign of at least a well-read person.

What is phraseology?

Phraseologicalism is an expression with a certain content of words, which in a given combination have a different meaning than when they are used separately. That is, phraseology can be called a stable expression.

Phraseology in Russian Have found wide application. The study of phraseology was handled by the linguist Vinogradov, to a greater extent thanks to him they began to be widely used. In foreign languages, too, there are phraseological units, only call them idioms. Linguists are still arguing whether there is a difference between phraseology and idiom, but they have not yet found an exact answer.

The most popular are conversational phraseological units. Examples of their use can be found below.

Signs of phraseology

Phraseologisms have several important features and attributes:

1. Phraseology is a ready - made language unit. This means that the person who uses it in his speech or on the letter, extracts this expression from memory, and does not come up with it on the go.
2. They have a permanent structure.
3. To phraseology, you can always choose a synonymous word (sometimes an antonym).
4. Phraseology is an expression that can not consist of less than two words.
5. Almost all phraseological units are expressive, they urge the interlocutor or the reader to show vivid emotions.

Functions of phraseological units in Russian

In each phraseology, the main function is one - to make speech luminous, lively, expressive and, of course, to express an author's attitude to something. In order to imagine how much speech becomes brighter with the use of phraseology, imagine how a humorist or writer ridicules someone with the use of phraseological units. Speech becomes more interesting.

Styles of phraseological units

Classification of phraseological units in style is a very important feature of them. In total, four main styles of stable expressions are singled out: interstyle, book, colloquial and colloquial. Each phraseology belongs to one of these groups, depending on its meaning.

Conversational phraseological units are the largest group of expressions. Some believe that inter-style and prostitutional phraseological units should be included in one group with spoken ones. Then there are only two groups of stable expressions: colloquial and book.

Differences between book and spoken phraseology

Each style of phraseology differs from each other, and the brightest difference is demonstrated by book and spoken phraseological units. Examples: do not cost a copper penny and a fool fool . The first stable expression is bookish, because it can be used in any art work, in a scientific and journalistic article, in an official-business conversation, etc. While the expression " fool is a fool" is widely used in conversations, but not in books.

Book phraseological units

Book phraseological units are stable expressions, which are much more often used in writing than in conversations. They are not characterized by pronounced aggression and negativity. Book phraseological units have found wide application in publicism, scientific articles, fiction.

Examples of phraseological units and their meanings:

1. In time it means something that happened a very long time ago. The expression is Old Slavonic, often used in literary works.
2. Pulling gimp is the value of a long process. In olden times, a long metal thread was called crocheting, it was pulled out with pliers made of metal wire. Cantilever embroidered on velvet, it was a long and very laborious work. So, pulling gimp is a long and extremely boring job.
3. Play with fire - do something extremely dangerous, "be on the edge."
4. Stay with your nose - stay without something that you really wanted.
5. The Kazan orphan is a phraseology about a man who pretends to be a beggar or a sick person, while having the goal of benefiting.
6. On a goat you will not come - so long ago they talked about girls who on holidays jesters and buffoons could not cheer.
7. To bring out to clean water - to expose in the commission of something impartial.

There are a lot of book phraseologies.

Interstyle phraseological turnover

Interstyle phraseological turns are sometimes called neutral colloquial, because, as with the style, and from an emotional point of view, they are neutral. Neutral colloquial and book phraseological units are confused, because interstyle is also not very emotionally colored. An important feature of interstyle revolutions is that they do not express human emotions.

Examples of phraseological units and their meanings:

1. Not a drop means a complete absence of something.
2. To play a role is to somehow influence this or that event, to become the cause of something.

Interstyle phraseological turnover is not very much in Russian, but they are used in speech more often than others.

Spoken phraseological turns

The most popular expressions are spoken phraseological units. Examples of their use can be very diverse, from expressing emotions to describing a person. Conversational phraseological turns, perhaps, are the most expressive among all. There are so many of them that it is possible to give examples indefinitely. Conversational phraseological units (examples) are listed below. Some of them may sound differently, but at the same time have a similar meaning (that is, they are synonyms). And other expressions, on the contrary, have the same word in the composition, but they are bright antonyms.

Synonymous colloquial phraseology, examples:

1. All without exception, the meaning of the adoration: everything as one; Both old and young; from small to large.
2. Very quickly: in an instant; Did not have time to look back; In a moment; Did not have time to blink an eye.
3. To work diligently and diligently: without restraint; Up to the seventh sweat; Rolling up his sleeves; In the sweat of the face.
4. Meaning of intimacy: in two steps; Be near by; Hand to file.
5. Running quickly: rushing headlong; That there are forces; In full swing; What is urine; In all the scapulae; With all legs; Only heels sparkles.
6. The meaning of similarity: all as one; All as for selection; one to one; Well done to the fellow.

Antonymous conversational phraseological units, examples:

1. Cat bawled (little) - Chickens do not peck (much).
2. Neither is it visible (dark, poorly visible) - Although you can assemble needles (light, clearly visible).
3. To lose a head (it is bad to think) - The head on shoulders (the reasonable person).
4. Like a cat with a dog (enemies) - Do not pour water, Siamese twins; Soul in the soul (close, very friendly or similar people).
5. In two steps (next door) - Over the far end of the earth (far away).
6. Hover in the clouds (pensive, dreaming and unfocused person) - Watch both, keep your ears open (attentive person).
7. To scratch the tongue (to talk, to dissolve gossip) - To swallow the tongue (to be silent).
8. The mind is a chamber (an intelligent person) - Without a king in the head, to live by someone else's mind (stupid or reckless person).

Phraseologicalisms of conversational style, examples with explanation:

1. American uncle - a man who very unexpectedly benefits from a materially difficult situation.
2. Beating like a fish on the ice - doing unnecessary, useless actions that do not lead to any result.
3. To beat the buckets is to sit back.
4. To throw a glove - to enter into a dispute with someone, to challenge.
5. Back to their sheep - to return to the main topic of conversation or business.
6. To lead by the nose is to deceive someone, to deceive.
7. The World Flood is a disaster that affected everyone.
8. A deaf person is a poorly heard person.
9. To make an elephant out of a fly is to exaggerate greatly, to unreasonably betray something of insignificant importance.
10. Egyptian labor is a very hard job, exhausting a person.
11. Start a barrel organ - repeat the same thing several times.
12. Golden youth are the children of wealthy parents who spend their time enjoying themselves and spending money.
13. Play in the spillocks - do unnecessary things, sit back.
14. Ilya Muromets is a man of great build, very tall and strong.
15. How Mamai went is a mess.
16. To sink into oblivion - to be forgotten, suddenly and without a trace disappear.
17. To sit down at a round table is to develop a discussion or negotiations, a meeting with a person on equal rights and authority.
18. Martyshkin's work is useless, useless work.
19. Throw thunder and lightning - threaten someone, scold for something, be angry and irritated.
20. Neither the stake nor the court is a very poor and indigent person.

Sporadic phraseological turns

Spoken revolutions are easily confused with conversational ones. However, verbal expressions are used in speech, as well as conversational ones. They are more emotional, bright, ignorant, have an even more reduced stylistic character and are often characterized by extremely negative coloration. They are used to commit threats, describe a person from a negative position and describe something in a bad and disparaging light.

Conversational and prostitutional phraseology, examples:

1. Show Kuz'kin mother.
2. Fight the goat.
3. Screaming with good mate.
4. Small fry.
5. Oleh the king of heaven.
6. The nut is weak.
7. The clerical press.

Conversational-household phraseological turns

Conversation and everyday phraseological units, examples with meaning:

1. To fill a pocket - to make a rich dishonest way, to receive big incomes.
2. To prick up skis is to get together quickly and unexpectedly for everyone.
3. As herring in a barrel - closely, much (most often about a huge crowd of people, the crowd),
4. To zamorit worm - a quick snack and a little.
5. To put a pig is a big trouble.

Phraseological units and their meanings

Examples of book and spoken phraseological units and their meanings:

1. Augean stables - in our time they call this a very dirty room, or a very serious neglect of affairs.
2. The Achilles' heel is a weak, vulnerable place of man.
3. The white crow is a person who is very different from others in appearance or behavior.
4. Bartholomew's Night is an event remembered for its cruelty.
5. The voice of one crying in the desert is useless and constant requests, calls that are left unattended.
6. Keep in a black body - treat someone like a slave, severely deal with people.
7. Live on a broad foot - in anything you can not refuse, to live richly and magnificently.
8. The forbidden fruit (sweet) is a phraseology based on the biblical myth. So it is said about something desirable, but forbidden.
9. Go all-in - act with great courage, take risks in the name of something.
10. The stumbling block is almost an insurmountable obstacle.