Language unit. Language units of the Russian language are ... Russian language

The study of the Russian language begins with the basic elements. They form the foundation of the structure. As components, the linguistic units of the Russian language are spoken. These are the components of a linguistic system for which division within their own level is inadmissible. Next, we will analyze the concepts in more detail, define the classification. Also in the article the characteristics of the basic linguistic components will be presented.

"Decomposability"

What are the basics of the Russian language? In the structure, there is a division into elements belonging to a lower rank. There is such a thing as the criterion for decomposability. It determines whether a given language unit is divisible. If possible, all elements are divided into simple and complex. The first include indivisible units, such as phonemes and morphemes. The second group includes those components that decompose into elements that are at the lowest level. The main language units are combined into different levels of the system.

Classification

Different language units are grouped into two groups. The first determines the form of the sound shells. For this category, there are material types that have a constant sound envelope. In particular, they include such units of language as phoneme, word, morpheme and even sentence. There is also a relatively material type. It is a model for constructing word combinations and sentences, which has a generalized use value. There is also such a thing as units of meaning. They can not exist outside material and relative to material species, since they are their semantic part. In addition, the material units of the language are further subdivided into one-sided and two-sided. The first do not have a value, they only help to create an audio shell. These include, for example, phonemes and syllables. But bilateral matters matter, because of what they are even ranked as higher units of language. These are words and sentences. Language levels are complex systems or are their components.

Russian language

By definition, this system is a collection of symbolic particles, reproduced in an audio form, which express the thoughts and feelings of a person. In addition, they are a means of communication and communication. Nina Davidovna Arutiunova, a Soviet and Russian linguist, considered language an important point in the evolution of culture and society. At the lowest level of the system is phonetics, that is sounds. The above are morphemes, which are composed of elements of the previous level. From morphemes are words, from which, in turn, syntactic constructions are formed. The language unit is characterized not only by its location in a complex system. It also performs a certain function and has characteristic features of the structure. We take the unit of language, which is at the lowest level - the phoneme. The sound itself does not bear any semantic load. However, he, interacting with other elements that are on the same level with him, helps to distinguish individual morphemes and words. The phonetic elements are syllables. However, due to the fact that their importance is not always sufficiently substantiated, some scientists are slow to agree that the syllable is also a language unit.

Morpheme

Morphemes are considered the smallest units of the language, which carry a semantic meaning. The most important part of the word is the root. After all, it is he who determines the meaning of words. But the various suffixes, consoles and endings only supplement the given root with the meaning. All morphemes are divided into those that form words (word-formers), and those that create the forms of the word (they are called grammatical). The Russian language is rich in such constructions. So, the word "reddish" is composed of three morphemes. The first is the root "red", which determines the feature of the object. The suffix "-owat-" indicates that this sign is manifested to a small extent. And, finally, the ending "th" determines the gender, the number and the case of the adjective noun agreed with this. With the development of history and language, some morphemes gradually change. Words such as "porch", "finger" and "capital" were previously divided into more parts. However, over time, these details merged into common roots. In addition, some morphemes used to have a meaning different from the present one.

Word

This independent language unit is considered one of the most significant. It gives names to feelings, objects, actions and properties, is a component of the sentence. The latter can consist of a single word. Words are formed by the sound envelope, that is, the phonetic sign, morphemes (morphological sign) and its meanings (semantic sign). In all languages there are quite a few words that have several meanings. Especially in such cases the Russian language abounds. So, the well-known word "table" means not only an interior item related to furniture, but also a menu of several dishes, as well as a component of the medical cabinet environment.

All words are divided into several groups on different grounds. Distribution by grammatical features forms groups of parts of speech. Formative links create word categories. In terms of these elements are divided into synonyms, antonyms and thematic groups. History divides them into archaisms, neologisms and historicisms. From the point of view of the sphere of use, words are divided into professionalisms, jargon, dialectisms and terms. Taking into account the function of the elements in the linguistic structure, phraseological units and compound terms and names are singled out. The first, for example, include expressions such as "boiling point" and "plug-in construction." An example of compound names are the "White Sea" and "Ivan Vasilyevich."

Phrases and sentences

The language unit, which is formed from words, is called a phrase. This is a design consisting of at least two elements, connected by one of the following methods: matching, control, or adjacency. In addition, words and phrases formed by them are components of sentences. But the word combination is a step lower than the sentence. In this case, the syntactic level on the language ladder is created by combining all the constructive elements. An important characteristic of the sentence is intonation. It shows the completeness or incompleteness of the construction. She gives it the form of a question or an order, and also adds an emotional coloring by means of an exclamation.

"Emic" and "ethical" units of language

The material units of a language can exist in the form of several variants, or in the form of an abstract set of variants, called an invariant. The former are denoted by ethical terms, such as allophones, allomorphs, backgrounds and morphs. To characterize the latter, there are phonemes and morphemes. Units of speech are composed of linguistic particles. They can include phrases and sentences, compound words, morphemes and phonemes. These terms were introduced by Pike, an American linguist.

Characteristics of linguistic elements

There are many directions in science, each of which differs in the different perceptions and descriptions of linguistic units. However, regardless of which option to access, it is always possible to distinguish common features and features of units of language. For example, a phoneme is a class of sounds similar in phonetics. At the same time, some scientists believe that the main feature of these elements is that without them it is impossible to determine the words and their forms. Morphemes refer to linguistic units that do not differ in syntactic independence. The words, on the contrary, are independent. They are also the summands of sentences. All these characteristics are common not only for different points of view. They are suitable for all languages.

Relations between the elements of the structure

Between units of language and speech, there are several types of relationships. The first kind is called paradigmatic. This type denotes a contrast between units that are on the same level. In syntagmatic relations, particles of the same rank unite with each other during the process of speech, or form elements of a higher level. Hierarchical relations are determined by the degree of complexity of unity, when the lower levels enter the higher.