Blood transfusion by blood groups: rules. Universal donors. Table of compatibility of blood groups

In modern medicine, the procedure of blood transfusion is still quite often used . Transfusion of blood by blood groups is the process of its introduction from a healthy donor to a patient with disabilities in health (recipient). It requires certain rules, and is not without complications. Therefore, this operation is carried out with the utmost concentration of attention from medical personnel.

What is necessary at the very beginning?

Before starting the transfusion procedure, the doctor will conduct a survey and the necessary studies. A donor or a recipient must have a passport with him, in order to correctly record all the data. If they are available, the medical specialist will examine the patient or donor, he will measure blood pressure and identify possible contraindications.

Transfusion rules

Transfusion of blood by blood groups is carried out taking into account certain bases. Indications for manipulation, the necessary dose of the transfused liquid are prescribed by the medical specialist on the basis of clinical data and analyzes. The rules of blood transfusion in groups are created for the safety of both the donor and the recipient. The specialist should, regardless of the previously received surveys, personally do the following:

1. Identify the group according to the ABO system and compare the data with the available indications.
2. Identify the characteristics of erythrocytes, both donor and recipient.
3. Put the test for general compatibility.
4. Conduct a bioassay.

The process of determining blood belonging

An important point of transfusion is the determination of the biological fluid and the presence of infections in it. To do this, a blood sample is taken for a general analysis, dividing the received quantity into two parts and sending it for study. In the laboratory, the first check for infections, the amount of hemoglobin, etc. The second is used to determine the blood group and its Rh factor.

Blood types

Blood transfusion by blood groups is necessary to ensure that in the patient's body there is no gluing of erythrocytes due to the agglutination reaction upon receipt of the test sample. The blood groups of the human body according to the ABO classification system are divided into 4 main varieties. According to ABO classification, the division occurs due to the presence of specific antigens - A and B. Each of them is bound to a certain agglutinin: A is attached to α and B to β, respectively. Depending on the combination of these components, all known blood groups are formed. Combining the same components is impossible, otherwise the body will glue together red blood cells, and it simply can not continue to exist. Due to this, only four known combinations are possible:

• 1 group: antigens are absent, there are two agglutinin α and β.
• Group 2: antigen A and agglutinin β.
• Group 3: antigen B and agglutinin α.
• 4 group: agglutinins are absent, antigens A and B are present.

Compatibility Groups

The compatibility of blood in groups for transfusion plays an important role in the operation. In medical practice, only the same species that are compatible with each other are transfused. Many people are wondering about which blood group has universal donors, but they do not understand the process itself. And yet there are such suitable components. What kind of blood group is universal is a question that has an unambiguous answer. People with the first blood group due to the lack of antigens are universal donors, and those with the fourth group are considered universal recipients. The blood group compatibility table serves to understand the process of blood transfusion.

Despite the fact that in the modern world there are many ways to cure various diseases, it is still not possible to avoid the process of transfusion. The Blood Group Compatibility Chart helps medical professionals conduct the surgery correctly, which helps to preserve the life and health of the patient. The ideal variant of the transfusion will always be the application of the identical group and Rhesus blood. But there are cases when transfusion is vital to conduct in the shortest possible time, then universal donors and recipients come to the aid.

Rhesus factor

In scientific research in 1940, an antigen was found in the blood of the macaques, which later became known as the Rh factor. He is hereditary and depends on race. Those people in whose blood this antigen is present are Rh-positive, and in its absence, Rh-negative.

Transfusion compatibility:

• Negative Rhesus is suitable for transfusion to people with negative rhesus;
• Positive Rhesus is compatible with the blood of any rhesus.

If you use Rh-positive blood to a patient with a Rhesus-negative category, then special antiresus agglutinins are developed in his blood, and with another manipulation, glutinous erythrocytes will adhere. Accordingly, such a transfusion can not be carried out.

Any transfusion is a stress for the human body. Whole blood is transfused only if the loss of this biological fluid reaches 25% or more. With the loss of a smaller volume, blood substitutes are used. In other cases, transfusion of certain components is indicated, for example, only erythrocyte mass, depending on the type of lesion.

Methods of sampling

For the compatibility test, the selected serum of the recipient is mixed with the donor sample on a sheet of white paper, tilting it in different directions. After five minutes, the results are compared if the gluing of the red blood cells did not occur, the donor and the recipient are compatible.

Further, the compatibility of the sample with Rhesus blood transfusion is checked in one of two ways.

1. A clean tube is loaded with the donor's red blood cells purified by saline solution, diluted with warm gelatin solution and two drops of the recipient's serum. Place the mixture in a water bath for 10 minutes. At the end of this time, dilute it with saline solution in the amount of 7 milliliters and mix thoroughly. If the adhesion of red blood cells is not recorded, the donor and the recipient are compatible.
2. In a test tube for the centrifuge, drop 2 drops of the recipient's serum, 1 drop of polyglucin and 1 drop of donor blood. The tube is placed in a centrifuge for 5 minutes. Then, dilute the mixture with 5 ml of saline, put the tube at an angle of 90 ° and check compatibility. In the absence of gluing and color changes, the donor and recipient are compatible.

Bioassay

To remove the risk of complications, a bioassay is carried out. To do this, a small amount of blood is transfused to the recipient, and three minutes follow his state of health. In the absence of negative manifestations: an increase in the pulse, violation of breathing, manipulation is repeated two more times, carefully following the patient. Transfusion can be carried out only when no negative manifestation has been detected, otherwise the operation is not carried out.

Methods of conducting

After carrying out all the necessary manipulations to determine blood groups and compatibility, they begin to conduct the transfusion itself. The injected blood should not be cold, only room temperature is allowed. If the operation is urgent, the blood is heated on a water bath. The transfusion process is carried out by drip using a system, or directly using a syringe. The rate of administration of 50 drops in 60 seconds. In the course of the transfusion, the medical specialists measure the pulse and pressure of the patient every 15 minutes. After carrying out the manipulation, the patient is shown peace and medical supervision.

Necessity and contraindications

Transfusion of blood in many is associated with simple drip administration of drugs. But this is a complex process in which alien living cells enter the body of the patient. And even with perfectly matched compatibility, there is a risk that blood may not settle down. That's why it is extremely important for doctors to determine that one can not do without such a procedure. A specialist who prescribes an operation must be firmly convinced that other methods of treatment will not be effective. If there is a doubt that the transfusion will be beneficial, it is better not to conduct it.

Consequences of incompatibility

If the compatibility with blood transfusion and blood substitutes was not complete, the recipient may develop negative consequences from such a procedure.

Violations from such an operation can be different, they are associated with problems in internal organs or systems.

There are frequent disruptions in the work of the liver and kidneys, metabolism, activity and work of the hematopoiesis are disrupted. Changes can also occur in the respiratory and nervous system. Treatment, for any type of complications, should be carried out as early as possible, under the supervision of a doctor.

If incompatibility occurs during a bioassay, a person will also feel negative manifestations, but in a much smaller volume. The recipient may experience chills, pain in the chest and lumbar spine. The pulse will be quickened, a feeling of alarm will appear. If these signs are found, transfusion can not be done. At present, incompatibility with blood transfusions by blood groups is practically not found.