All about the rules of grain storage

The use of new technologies for growing cereals can significantly improve the yield of the latter. млн тонн, что на 13 % больше, чем в 2015 г. Однако важно не только получить хороший урожай зерновых. Only in 2016 gross harvest of wheat, barley, oats, rye and maize in Russia amounted to 116 118 million tons, which is 13% more than in 2015. However, it is important not only to get a good harvest of cereals. We must also try not to lose it until next year. должно, конечно же, производиться правильно. Storage of grain should, of course, be made correctly.

Types of elevators

In most cases, the harvested yield of wheat, rye, barley, etc. is stored in special granaries. Such complexes are called elevators. There are several types of such granaries:

• Procuring;

• Basic;

• Transshipment;

• Production;

• Stock;

• Port;

• Implementation bases.

Next, let's look at what actually represent all these enterprises for storage and processing of grain.

Harvesting elevators

Such granaries are called bread reception. They are usually built taking into account the proximity to large agricultural complexes. This is done with a view to reducing the cost of transporting the crop. At grain elevators of this type, grain is not only stored, but also subjected to primary processing - drying, cleaning. They keep harvest at the grain receiving points usually not too long. Soon it is shipped to destination - in road, rail or water transport. In addition to cleaning and drying the grain, preparations for seeding are also carried out at the stock elevators.

Basic granaries

Elevators of this type are basic and serve to store the harvest intended for current consumption. It is here that wheat, rye, barley, etc. Usually come from bread receivers. At the basic elevators during storage, the grain is subjected to more thorough processing. It is also sorted into homogeneous batches in such stores, meeting certain requirements.

Capacity of basic elevators usually have a very large. At the same time they are equipped with high-performance equipment. They have granaries of this type more often at the intersections of railway and waterways.

Production elevators

строят обычно рядом с мукомольными, комбикормовыми, крупяными и т. д. заводами. This type of storage facilities are usually built next to mills, feed mills, cereals, etc. plants. пшеницей, ячменем и т.д . Their main purpose is the uninterrupted supply of processing enterprises with wheat, barley, etc. производится не только хранение, но и переработка зер на в соответствии с заданной рецептурой . Such elevators produce not only storage, but also processing of grains in accordance with a given recipe . The capacity of production storage facilities depends on the capacities of a nearby food processing plant.

Stock elevators

хранения зерн а — в течение 3-4 лет. Such complexes are designed for long - term grain storage - for 3-4 years. It is at elevators of this type that state grain reserves are stored. The capacity of such storage facilities, as well as basic ones, is very large. The grain is brought here only the highest quality. They release it only in the order of updating the reserves. Most often, grain from such elevators goes to certain regions of the country with a temporary deficit. Therefore, build storage of this type is usually close to the long rail routes.

Transshipment elevators

The stores of this type are used mainly for reloading grain from one type of transport to another. Sometimes a crop is brought here and nearby farms. Constructed elevators of this type are always located at the junctions of the railway lines to each other or to water routes. по срокам хранения зерна. In some cases, transshipment facilities can also be used for long - term grain storage.

Port complexes

Elevators of this type usually bring grain from the transshipment or basic storage facilities. Here the harvest is prepared most often for export. Then the grain is shipped to sea vessels. Also, elevators of this type can take wheat, rye, etc., and from other countries. Then such grain is shipped to domestic Russian consumers. The capacity of the port elevators is usually large. Equipment in such complexes is used only high-tech.

Realization bases

Storage of grain in enterprises of this type is usually possible only for a not too long time. Such complexes are intended primarily for supplying consumers with grain and products of its processing. Sometimes the implementation bases take also the harvest from the bread distributors.

Main methods of storage

The crop of wheat, rye, oats, maize, etc., can be stored in such a way, it can be on elevators of different types. хранения зерна. Grain storage technologies are also unequal . Currently, the following modes of its storage are used:

• dry;

• In the cooled state;

• Without access to air.

складирования. In Russia, mainly two first storage technologies are used .

Bulk Storage Rules

It is this regime that is considered the most acceptable for long-term crop storage. Most often, the grain is stored in bulk when using dry technology. That is, it is simply poured into large heaps. хранения зерна в ме шках и таре такая технология имеет ряд безусловных преимуществ: In comparison with the method of storing grain in bags and containers, this technology has a number of unconditional advantages:

• More rational use of grain storage volumes;

• Simplification of the movement of masses by mechanical means;

• Facilitating the fight against possible pests;

• Convenience of organizing the observation of the mass;

• Saving costs of packaging and packaging.

насыпью может как на открытых площадках, так и на зерноскладах. The grain can be stored in bulk in open areas, as well as in grains . Tara with dry technology is used mainly for seeded sorted material. In open areas, the grain is stored in special beads, covered with tarpaulin.

Dry method

This mode of storage is based primarily on the principle of xerobiabiosis. When dehydrating lots of grain, all harmful microorganisms in it fall into a state of suspended animation. Therefore, in the future, the harvested crop has to be protected only from insects. It is most expedient to use dry mode for long-term storage of the crop. This technology is therefore most often used in basic and stock elevators.

Methods of processing when storing grain by this method can be implemented different. However, all drying techniques are conventionally divided into two main groups:

• Without the use of heat;

• With its application.

The most common methods of drying the grain while this are filling it in special devices and solar-air.

Warehousing without access to air

хорош прежде всего тем, что позволяет полностью сохранить все полезные качества зерна — мукомольные и хлебопекарские. This method is good first of all in that it allows to completely preserve all useful qualities of grain - milling and bakery. In the absence of air, among other things, harmful microorganisms and insects die or lose their ability to reproduce. With the use of such technology, mass due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide, among other things, also self-preserves. с применением подобной методики целесообразна, к примеру, на производственных элеваторах. Storage and processing of grain using a similar technique is appropriate, for example, at production elevators.

The crop is harvested by using this technology in special hermetic bins. In some cases, in order to accelerate self-preservation, carbon dioxide is specially introduced into such storage facilities or briquettes of dry ice are laid.

Storage in the cooled state

This method of popularity is second only to the dry method of storage. In this case, losses are also minimized. However, a purely economically similar method of storing the dry method is somewhat inferior. Therefore, it is usually used only directly in the farms themselves or on small elevators.

At a lower temperature, in the mass of the grain, as in the case of drying, the activity of various microorganisms slows down considerably. Cool the grain in this way of storage to t = 5-10 C or lower. To create such conditions, passive techniques are usually used. That is, they simply equip the supply and exhaust ventilation in the warehouse. In the cold season, the latter works constantly in warehouses. In summer, installations are usually only carried out at night.

Sometimes the grain mass is cooled and with the help of conveyors or individual fans. A mixing method can also be used. However, because of the laboriousness, the latter method of cooling is rarely used.

Rules of storage in bags

As already mentioned, the seeds of wheat, rye, etc., are usually stored in a similar way. Most often, the tare stores elite planting material or the first reproduction. The usual seeds are stored in bulk. The exception is only planting material of varieties with a thin shell of grain. Also in bags, in most cases, the calibrated seeds are added. That is, they store the planting material, which has a special value or is prone to spoilage.

Bags for this grain should be used only made of dense and rough fabrics. Most often, granaries use kapron or polypropylene. Sometimes the grain falls asleep and in special paper bags with a fabric lining. Quite popular is also a karft-container of a similar variety. In any case, the use of strong bags is one of the mandatory conditions for storing grain using this technology.

Actually, the containers with seeds are to be stacked on wooden decks or saucers. In this case, the method of storing a tee or a five is usually used. The distance between stacks, according to specifications, should not be less than 0.7 m. The same should be indented from the walls of the warehouse. The height of stacks for manual laying is usually 6-8 bags, with mechanized - 10-12.

Requirements for granaries

Designed for storing wheat, barley or oats, the complexes must, of course, be properly equipped. In addition, grain elevators should strictly observe the storage, acceptance and delivery technologies themselves.

The plan of placement is usually based on the materials of previous years. At the same time, information on the quality and quantity of grain to be delivered to the state, as well as the planned import and export of the latter are taken into account.

Storage tanks should be used as rationally as possible. If necessary, the premises of the elevator and the site before disposition of grain are disinfected. Of course, the walls and roof of the vault should not leak.

Grain storage technology: basic requirements

At grain elevators of the main species, grain must be sorted by type, subtype, degree of moisture, weed, varieties. Mix it is prohibited. By moisture, grain is usually sorted into:

• Raw to 22%;

• Raw over 22%.

By the degree of contamination, the grain is distributed to the parties:

• Clean;

• Medium purity;

• Weedy;

• Weed over the restrictive conditions.

The heavily clogged grain on the elevators is usually cleaned before being put into storage.

Separately, grain is placed on the grain elevators, gland, frost, infected with a tick, infected with a bug, with an admixture of ergot. количеством проросших семян. Also sort out the mass with the exceeded amount of germinating seeds.

It is not allowed to mix the grain of the new crop with last year's for storage at elevators. и ее засоренности: The height of the embankment is set depending on the degree of moisture content of the mass and its clogging:

• For dry grain, this indicator is limited only by the height of the ceilings of the warehouse;

• For wet weight - no more than 2 m;

• During the temporary storage (until drying) of raw grain with a humidity of up to 19% - 1.5 m, from 19% - 1 m.

The mound itself must have either a pyramidal or rectangular shape. Its surfaces should be even. A careful observation is necessarily organized from the moment the grain is received and until it is shipped.

Storage Options

To monitor the state of the stored mass, the surface of each embankment is conditionally divided into sections of 100 m2. Each of them is subsequently monitored for different indicators. But the main ones are the temperature and degree of infection with pests. In the first case, special thermo-bars are used for monitoring. These devices are conventional thermometers, enclosed in metal cases.

In embankments with a height of more than 1.5 meters, measurements are made in three layers - in the upper (30-50 cm), middle and lower. After each measurement, the bar is moved to a distance of 2 meters.

On the degree of infection with pests, the grain is checked depending on the temperature of the mass:

• неделю ; At t above 10 C - once a week ;

• ниже +10 С — раз в две недели; At t below +10 C - every two weeks;

• At t below 0 C - once a month.

Checking the seeds stored in bags is carried out once a month in winter and once every two weeks - in the summer.

Control measures for pests during storage

Damaged grain on elevators can:

• Weevils;

• Ticks;

• Moth;

• A mill fire.

Each type of pest usually takes a certain layer of grain mass. In the winter, such insects do not reproduce. The outbreak of pest activity is observed only when the grain is self-warming. бурно. In the summer, insects in mass can reproduce quite violently.

хранении зерна принимаются следующие меры: The following measures are taken for pest control during grain storage :

• Application of chemical treatment of plants still on the field - before harvesting;

• Processing at the stage of preparation for storage directly on the elevator;

• Complete cleaning of premises on small granaries;

• Use of sieves to remove small pests;

• хранение зерна. Exact observance of the regime with respect to the moisture content of the grain to be stored.

Disinfection of grain before storage can be done in several ways. Most often used aerosol technique or gas. The first technology is usually applied to the processing of the warehouses themselves and the territories adjacent to them. Aerosol treatment is performed using most often organophosphorus or pyrethroid insecticides.

Aerosol disinfection can be quite effective. However, more often less expensive gas processing technology is used on the elevators. As fumigants in this case, the following substances can be used: ethyl bromide, tablets with aluminum or magnesium phosphide. Both types of processing can be carried out only by special units licensed for this type of activity.

Against all sorts of flake, in addition to aerosol or gas, conventional processing technologies can be used. феромонные ловушки и микробиологические препараты. In this case, pheromone traps and microbiological preparations are most often used . To combat rodents in warehouses use poisonous baits (usually based on zinc phosphide).

Alternative methods

Thus, most often grain is stored on elevators. However, there are other methods of storing the yield of wheat, rye or barley. For example, quite often farmers use grain hoses for storing grain. The main advantage of this technology is that it allows you to save on resources and electricity. After all, in this case there is no need for any special arrangement of the storage facility.

To spend the farmer in this way of storage will have only to purchase a key. This is the name of a special device intended for filling bags with grain. The hoses for storing wheat or barley harvest are made of multilayer elastic plastic. They have a capacity of 200-300 tons.

амбары для хранения зерна. Small and medium-sized farmers are also advisable to build grain storage barns. If you want, you can build such a structure with your own hands. To build a home granary is best of a bar and boards. The internal space of the barn should be divided into bins and suseks. The latter are a sort of box.

амбары для хранения зерна чаще всего на столбчатом фундаменте. Barns are being built to store grain most often on a columnar foundation. This design is cheaper. In addition, in the storehouse on such a foundation, the grain will later be better ventilated.

You can build such a structure and not of wood, but of more modern materials. отсеки для хранения зерна на семена, для текущего потребления, засоренного, подпорченного головней и т.д. This may be, for example, aerated concrete, foam concrete, metal structures with plating, etc. However, in this case, it is also necessary to equip in the barn the compartments for storing grain for seeds, for current consumption, a clogged, spoiled brute, etc.

Loss on storage

Thus, the maximum reduction in yield losses at the elevator can be achieved only if the technology of its storage is strictly observed. й убыли зерна при хранении. Standards, among other things, set the norms of natural loss of grain during storage.

обственно для самих расчетов используются специальные формулы. For the calculations themselves , special formulas are used. In this case, the storage terms of the crop are taken into account. For example, when storing for more than 3 months, the following formula is used: x = a + b> in / r, where:

• A - loss for the previous period of storage,

• — разница между нормой текущего строка хранения и предыдущей; B - the difference between the norm of the current storage string and the previous one;

• В - the difference between the average storage rate and the previous one;

• R is the number of months of storage.

The natural loss of grain during storage can occur as a result of a decrease in humidity during drying, because of debris, subsidence of mineral impurities on the floor, etc.