Classification of production and consumption wastes. Classification of wastes according to hazard class

The general classification of consumption and production wastes is absent. Therefore, for convenience, the basic principles of such separation are often used.

Principles of waste management for species

So, the structure of the basic principles is represented by the following elements:

• By sources of education (sectoral characteristics);
• By aggregate state;
• On production cycles;
• By directions of use.

Let us dwell in more detail on each of them.

On the basis of industry

This classification of waste in practice has become most widespread. It was built on the branch principle. The greatest specific weight is occupied by the classification of production wastes, among which: waste from non-ferrous or ferrous metallurgy, coal, chemical and woodworking industries.

According to the aggregate state

This classification of wastes makes it possible to identify them more accurately as liquid, solid or gaseous. Such a subdivision is important when choosing the technology of their storage, further processing or destruction.

Thus, gaseous waste should be stored in specialized tanks, liquid - sealed containers, and solid - in containers, on sites or landfills.

To determine the technology for their processing, classification of wastes by classes represented by the degree of explosiveness and combustibility should be used. Do not forget about their toxicity.

By production cycles

Sometimes the classification of industrial waste is used, which is organized according to the industry principle. This allows them to be detailed by the technological stages of manufacturing the product to identify operations in the course of which any by-products can be formed.

An example can serve as a chemical industry in which the synthesis of organic substances can form volumetric residues, which are not provided for in the manufacturing process (in distillation or rectification).

The above classification of waste by class is aimed at considering the issue of their use as recyclables. Therefore, such a ranking reflects primarily quantitative indicators, and only then - qualitative.

Physico-chemical properties of garbage

The classification of waste by physical and chemical properties is important when assessing their impact on the environment. This, of course, concerns dangerous and toxic components.

The World Health Organization has developed a classification of waste according to the hazard class adopted by the United Nations in the form of an environmental protection program. It includes a list of hazardous and toxic components that are released during the production process. The same list includes the following substances: arsenic, pharmaceuticals, various halogen-organic compounds and, of course, mercury.

As a characteristic of the toxicity of substances, a lethal dose coefficient is adopted, with the use of which a lethal outcome occurred in half of the experimental animals.

Dividing garbage by hazard

The classification of waste hazard is based on the concentration of toxic substances that are contained in them. A synergistic effect of several components is also taken into account.

In recent years in European countries, the classification of waste according to the hazard class is based on their environmental friendliness. At the same time, such an approach is imperfect, as the process of their evaluation as a raw material for further consumption in the production sphere is hampered.

The use of waste as a raw material base for production

One of the main tasks of any commercial and industrial activity is to achieve savings in energy and raw materials. Therefore, in modern conditions of management there is a convergence of interests of potential consumers and manufacturers who own modern production capacities and technologies for using waste as raw materials.

Unlike primary raw materials, waste can not be pre-oriented to a specific area of use. Thus, the same waste is used in various production areas. Therefore, for a justified classification according to this feature, it is advisable to know some of their distinctive features. Thus, all wastes can be combined into three main groups:

1. They have such unfavorable characteristics as the lack of homogeneity of composition and purity. The reasons for this are a different degree of wear, pollution, climatic factors. Despite the fact that these characteristics are stochastic, with their help technologies of waste processing and quality of received products are determined taking into account a complex of economic and environmental problems.
2. Solid household waste, the classification of which is built on the possibilities of using as a secondary raw material. In other words, a certain set of characteristics is set, which can be measured and included in the technical conditions, as well as normative and technical documents responsible for the optimal directions of waste processing.
3. Since primary raw materials have a property to turn into waste in the process of production, along with the loss or deterioration of some consumer qualities, the renewed properties are acquired which were uncharacteristic for the analog at the initial stage.

Therefore, the description of the waste should be based on the definition for each individual type of characteristics to be measured and the effective direction of its use.

Classification of waste according to technical characteristics

Based on the subdivision of substances that are allocated in the production process, they can be combined into two main groups:

• Properties that are important for a particular material, their measurement is mandatory when determining traditional ways of use;
• Newly acquired properties, their measurement is necessary in determining new and non-traditional ways of using recyclable materials.

Determination of the properties of the first group is carried out by developing appropriate scientific literature and normative and technical documentation.

For wastes with newly acquired properties, techniques that are unified as methods for measuring their properties are required, as well as identifying other necessary properties.

Classification of household waste

Domestic wastes can be classified as unsuitable for later use of household items, food products and goods that have lost their consumer properties. Also in this category are solid household waste, the classification of which is determined by the following elements: garbage and household rubbish.

The composition of this type of waste depends on such factors: the level of development of the region and the country, the cultural level of the population and its customs, the time of year, etc. About a third of all solid waste is a packing material, the amount of which is constantly increasing.

Classification of household waste is built on a multicomponent and heterogeneity of composition, low density and instability (the ability to rot). Residential buildings, as well as trade, sports and other enterprises and organizations are accepted as sources of garbage.

The composition of such wastes include the following:

• Cardboard (paper);
• Large-sized materials;
• food waste;
• Metals and plastic;
• Leather and rubber;
• Glass, textiles and wood.

This is the generalized classification of waste.

Recycling

Among the so-called garbage can be identified its main types, which need to be recycled.

1. Appliances. Its recycling is necessary for all enterprises that do not want to have problems with regulatory bodies. In order to carry out this process, one must independently have legal grounds for this, which are confirmed by the relevant documentation. In the absence of such permission, a business entity may experience trouble. Therefore, the best option is to apply to an enterprise that handles waste disposal professionally.
2. Plastic, foam, paper, etc. In other words, the material from which the packaging consists. The process of processing these wastes includes their crushing, and only then it is formed into briquettes and is used as a secondary raw material.
3. Fluorescent lamps. They are attractive enough for processing, as the electronic unit, the cap and the bulb are valuable raw materials. It is known from practice that this garbage can not be thrown out simply because it contains mercury. However, when transferring to recycling, many processing companies require that this raw material be delivered by the supplier on their own, and this is an additional cost.
4. Batteries. Today, points of reception of this type of garbage have already appeared. Therefore, the main emphasis of the state should be made in the direction of propaganda, advertising and awakening of consciousness among the population. This product, like fluorescent lamps, is also dangerous to the environment. One battery can pollute about 20 square meters. Meters of land around and the time of its decomposition is a quarter of a century. It is also necessary to remember that inside it are such harmful metals as mercury, cadmium and lead.

Harmful rubbish in medicine

The classification of waste in medicine is based on the specialization of the relevant institutions. Basically, these are used bandages and gauzes, human tissues, pharmaceuticals or blood.

All garbage from medical facilities attracts special attention, since it can pose a potential danger to the environment.

All waste from health facilities, depending on the level of toxicological, epidemiological and radiation hazards, are divided into five hazard classes.

Thus, Class A is represented by non-hazardous waste, which includes substances that have not been in contact with the patient's biological fluids and infectious patients. This class includes non-toxic garbage.

Class B includes infected wastes. This can include materials and tools that are contaminated with the discharge of patients. Organic substances after operations are also included here.

Hazard class B - very hazardous waste, which includes garbage from micro labs, as well as materials that were in contact with patients with dangerous infectious diseases.

Class G - garbage, close in structure to the industrial one. These include: chemical products, ESI-statics, as well as devices and equipment that include mercury.

Hazard class D - radioactive waste, including garbage of medical institutions, containing radioactive components.

Summarizing what has been said, it can be said with certainty that the correct utilization of all kinds of waste can be a guarantee of environmental friendliness, and this is so necessary in our complex modern world.