Zone of the nearest development of the child

On our planet, children live a little more than adults. A childless society is a degenerating society. Proper development of the child is a prerequisite for the spiritual and practical activities of an adult.

The UN Declaration defines the conditions for the survival and social rights of the child - the right to protection, custody, assistance, education and education.

At the present stage of the development of the world community, problems related to the concept of the psyche of a young child are problematic. There is a need to address the science of child and age psychology.

A regular qualitative change in material and ideal objects, necessary and directed, is development. The definition of development presupposes the simultaneous presence of these two properties, namely they distinguish it from other occurring changes.

The concept of development is considered in various approaches in psychology. According to the cultural-historical theory developed and proposed by domestic psychologists, the source of development is the environment in which the individual exists. It is in the struggle of arising contradictions, learning and the child's own actions that his ontogeny occurs. LS Vygotsky introduced the definition of "zone of proximal development," meaning the discrepancy between how the child develops at the moment and its potential.

Developing new educational standards, scientists relied on the activity theory. Never before has the Law on Education and standards of education and upbringing been so strongly imbued with psychology. Speaking about the fact that a child must know and be able to understand, there is a zone of actual development. It is represented by the already developed skills that the child developed without the help of an adult. And when talking about the achievements of students, there is a zone of proximal development. The activity approach in upbringing and learning presupposes that children have cognitive motivation, the ability to plan and forecast their activities, and form control and self-control.

The zone of the nearest development is expanded due to the help of an adult, as independent skills are in the stage of formation. The bottom line is that by performing tasks with the help of a teacher, a teacher today, tomorrow the child will be able to do the same on his own. Creating for the preschooler a problem situation and encouraging him to choose the ways of solving it, adults thus stimulate his development.

The zone of the nearest development is most clearly seen at preschool age, since it is at this stage of development that a large number of sensitive periods occur . Many scholars are inclined to think that if we restrict the child's independence, do not let him develop his own strategy of behavior, do not provide opportunities to try and make mistakes, this can lead to a delay in development. If all actions are performed instead of the child, and not with him, then there is a risk of the lack of skills and abilities that are characteristic of a particular sensitive period.