X-ray diagnostic apparatus: device, types. Classification of X-ray diagnostic devices

In medicine, a number of different devices are used to establish an accurate diagnosis. This laser equipment, ultrasound scanners, rheographs, all kinds of computer systems and others. Not the last place in this list is occupied by the X-ray diagnostic apparatus. It has a wide field of application and helps to make an accurate picture of the course of the disease.

What is the equipment for X-rays

The X-ray unit is a device for radiation of radioactive rays. It is divided into x-ray diagnostic and therapeutic equipment. The X-ray diagnostic apparatus is equipped with various electronic-optical devices, allowing to examine the whole body or some area of it. Make not only a snapshot of the organ, but also make a film about the state of the whole organism. The X-ray therapy device is used in radiotherapy for superficial and deep impact on the lesion site.

X-ray diagnostic device

X-ray diagnostic equipment consists of the following parts:

• X-ray tube, which, depending on the model, is characterized by its parameters and power.
• Source of power.
• Lowering and boosting current transformers .
• The kenotrons are rectifiers that convert an alternating current into a constant one.
• A device that converts X-rays into images.
• Protective system for personnel and patients (carpets with lead coated, leaded aprons, shields, mittens, etc.).
• A system of tripods and other mechanisms that help to examine the patient in different positions.
• Fluorescent screen.
• Control panel in the form of a table, on which there are switches and tumblers of measuring instruments.

All constituent elements actively interact with each other, ensuring uninterrupted operation of the entire system.

The operating principle of the apparatus

The X-ray diagnostic apparatus has the following operating mechanism. X-ray radiation, passing through the field of investigation, falls on the input part of the screen and provokes its glow. The photocathode generates electrodes, which, due to the influence of the electric field, transfer to the output small screen. In this part of the equipment, the electrical image is converted to light.

Two aspects are based on the brightness of the X-ray image. This increase in the light flux on a small screen due to the increasing voltage in the gap between the large and small scoreboards and the electron-optical reduction of the image. As a result of this process, the screen glow is amplified 7000 times, and the reduction factor becomes equal to the indicator of 10-14 units.

Thanks to the electron-optical magnification, it is possible to distinguish elements up to 0.5 mm in size. The diameter of the increase is affected by the equipment brand. The larger its size, the more expensive the device is.

Application area

X-ray radiation is used both in the X-ray diagnostic area and in the therapeutic field. Its ability to suppress tumor growth is widely used in the treatment of cancer patients. In addition to medicine, X-rays are used in engineering, materials science and crystallography. Involved in chemistry and biochemistry. They use specialized X-ray diagnostic devices in industry. With the help of X-ray radiation, drawbacks in the manufacture of products are revealed. For example, on rails, welding seams. This procedure is called defectoscopy. Use instruments with X-rays (X-ray television introscopes) at the airport and railway station, as well as in places of large crowds, that is, where you need to view hand luggage and baggage for general security.

Pros of using X-ray diagnostic devices

Medical radiodiagnostic apparatus without a table, as well as equipment equipped with a control panel, have certain positive aspects of application. It is informative, accessible and simple. This method establishes about 60-80% of all diagnoses in such areas as gastroenterology, pulmonology, traumatology, urology and others.

The newest computer technologies, based on electronic and microprocessor technology, modern methods of digital image processing make the field of X-ray diagnostics more progressive. Therefore, all modern qualified specialists try to use such equipment in their work.

Disadvantages of X-ray machines

The disadvantages of X-ray machines include the low brightness and contrast of the fluorescent screen. Compensate for this moment with the help of a dark adaptation of the eyes of a specialist. Here, a significant part of the small parts is lost. The second significant disadvantage is the strong radiation load on the patient and the working staff.

X-ray diagnostic devices: types

All X-ray diagnostic equipment is divided into categories. So, in terms of mobility there is such a classification of X-ray diagnostic devices:

• Stationary. Here, x-ray equipment is used in a special diagnostic room (hospital).
• Mobile. Include devices that can be moved around the hospital and transported in transport in a collapsible and non-separable form.
• Portable. Low-power and mobile. Can be used both at home and in any other place.

Also all this equipment is divided into general purpose devices and specific X-ray diagnostic devices. Their types (classified according to their functions) are as follows:

• Angiographs, carrying out the study of vessels by introducing a special substance into them.
• Dental equipment, which allows you to make panoramic photos of both jaws.
• Operating X-ray machines designed to track surgical procedures.
• Fluorographic devices. They are stationary and mobile.
• Tomographs.
• X-ray therapy equipment for radiation treatment.

Stationary X-ray diagnostic devices

Stationary X-ray apparatus is a complex device endowed with different electromechanical elements. There are general (multidimensional) and specialized X-ray diagnostic devices. The first to conduct a general radiologic diagnosis. This is translucence, images of the lungs, bones, gastrointestinal tract, etc. The latter have a narrow focus. Used for angiography, tomography, fluorography and other fields of medicine.

Such installations are designed for two or more jobs. They have a rotatable table-tripod and a tripod for the procedure. A special traschalter helps to expand workplaces to three and four positions. In this case, the third will be located tomograph, and the fourth radiator for angiography and other diagnostics.

Mobile equipment

Mobile X-ray devices are divided into wards, field and collapsible. Warders are adapted to work within the walls of the hospital for examining patients in the ward. Field use in work in open areas. They are mounted and moved by special transport (cars, sea vessels, railway cars). Equipped with autonomous power supply, a room for equipment deployment and its own laboratory.

Field X-ray diagnostic units are subject to the following requirements:

• The equipment boxes must be sealed and protected from dust and moisture;
• All parts during assembly must be well secured for movement on field roads, railways and the sea;
• Temperature differences in the range -40 ... +40 ° C should not affect the quality of the device, storage and transportation conditions;
• Assembly and dismantling of equipment is carried out within thirty minutes without the use of special tools.

In peacetime, all field X-ray equipment is used for examining ordinary citizens or for X-ray diagnostic testing in very remote regions.

Portable X-ray diagnostic devices

Such equipment is used for the simplest diagnostic study. For example, in emergency or emergency care. Often used for home care and examination of seriously ill patients who are unable to move independently. They are used in dentistry.

Such devices are light and small. They are placed in two small suitcases, which one person can carry. They are safe and have minimal radiation. Many of them - digital, work in close relationship with the computer system. They are accurate in measurements and are used in various fields of medicine. There are no age restrictions, therefore, unlike a mobile and stationary complex, they can be used to identify diseases in pregnant women and young children.

About Siemens Myltekc

The X-ray diagnostic device Siemens Myltekc was released in 2010. It consists only of high-quality and advanced components. Equipment can be easily installed in any room. This X-ray system allows increasing the capacity, raising the economic level of the hospital. Ensures trouble-free operation.

The main advantages of technology include:

• Compactness of the system;
• Configuration flexibility;
• Easy and fast assembly;
• touch screen;
• High performance;
• Excellent image quality;
• Comfortable location of patients;
• Low percentage of radiation load.

The device consists of a mobile table, a tube, a vertical rack, a detector, a computer system. This high-tech modern equipment meets all quality standards.

Equipment "Arhp Amiko"

X-ray diagnostic surgical mobile "Arhp Amiko" is a mobile X-ray surgical equipment. It was developed on the basis of the URI of the second standard with a CCD array having parameters of 1024x1024. The unit is often used in cavitary and surgical operations. Involved in traumatology, urology and endoscopy.

A new modification of this device extends the possibilities of examining the patient. Allows you to transfer and record 1024x1024 pictures at a speed of 25 frames per second. The depth of conversion of analog and digital indicators is 12 bits. Expanding the scope of the C-arm creates more opportunities for the manipulation of the surgeon. Modern data processing and data storage improve the quality of work.

In the modern apparatus of "Arkhp-Amiko" there are four main modes. It is continuous, pulse, digital and film fluoroscopy. It's easier to work with pictures. The database volume is increased. Now you can record on digital media. The equipment is improved.

Modern X-ray diagnostic devices

Modern x-ray equipment is produced in the form of large stationary complexes. They include several units, which can be installed both in separate cabinets and as separate attachments for devices. Allow to conduct a variety of different surveys. The basic advantage of such a design is the unification of all nodes. In addition, if there is a need, it is always possible to order an additional unit, suitable for the parameters to the office where X-ray diagnostic research will take place.

Modern diagnostic complexes for X-rays are equipped with special equipment that allows you to make a tomography, electrocamography or kymography. Have an electron-optical amplifier, which allows you to achieve a special brightness of the image, while reducing the radiation load on the body. Completely or partially automate the workflow.

The technical development of radiation diagnostics makes it possible to improve old equipment. The dose-forming aggregates are being replaced. Special detectors are used to help get the image on the display screen and transfer it to magnetic media. Gradual abandonment of film equipment is taking place. This factor significantly reduces the harmful effects of rays on humans. Helps improve the quality of the examination and reduces the cost of X-ray diagnostic procedures.