BusinessAgriculture

Winter crops: sowing, tillage, causes of death

Winter crops with intensive agrotechnics of cultivation are capable of yielding up to 60-80 c / ha. To achieve such results, it is necessary to carry out pre-sowing soil preparation without disrupting the technology, to observe the planting terms, to use the optimal method of sowing for a particular farm and to provide good care for the plants during the period of growth and maturation. Then the death of winter crops can be reduced to a minimum.

The concept of winter and spring crops

Winter crops are annual cereals, more often cereal families. Such plants in the process of their vital activity require wintering for a period of several months. The sowing of winter crops is necessary in autumn, and after winter harvest is harvested. Such plants include winter wheat, barley and rye.

In addition to winter crops, there are spring breads. Unlike winter crops, spring crops must be sown in the spring, the harvest is harvested in the sowing year. These annual plants require higher temperatures and a spring warming sun. Such crops include spring kinds of wheat, barley, rye, oats and many other prosovidnyh varieties.

Advantages of winter crops

Spring and winter crops are widely used in agriculture, varieties of these plants are used for animal feed, grinding flour and further consumption by the population.

However, winter forms of plants are valued much more, because Have a lot of biological advantages:

  1. Winter crops can accumulate more useful mass, develops a powerful root system during the wintering season.
  2. After the winter, plants quickly grow. They are much earlier rooted and, as a result, ripen earlier.
  3. Weed crops are not a hindrance to winter crops: they successfully overtake them in growth and development and simply drown them with their own weight.

In addition, autumn sowing and early harvesting help relieve the tension of agricultural work.

The correct seeding time increases the winter hardiness of winter crops

Winter crops have high frost resistance and winter hardiness. Winter hardiness provides adaptation of the plant to winter conditions. Usually this property directly depends on the cultivar cultivated. However, much depends on the human factor: it is important to properly prepare plants for winter and use high-quality agricultural technology. Winter hardiness is achieved by hardening, which takes place in two stages. The first stage occurs in the autumn at warm temperatures of 8-15 degrees. The second stage is the end of the autumn period, it's a mild frost with a drop in temperature to 5 degrees.

The first phase is responsible for the increased accumulation of carbohydrates in plants. At the end of the first period, different sugars are found in culture 2-3 times more than at the beginning of the period. Carbohydrates the plant will use in the spring, which will help the increased growth and development. In addition, the sugars perform an important protective function.

During the second phase , plant tissues become dehydrated, the composition of plant cells changes. Undergoes changes and brush juice, which helps to achieve frost resistance of plants. At the first frosts up to 5 degrees the plant cells make up simple substances, the osmosis inside the cells rises. Culture keeps water and increases its sucking roots. By the time of completion of the second stage of quenching, the necessary conditions for supercooling appear in the cells of winter crops. Complex compounds are split to simpler substances.

The sowing of winter crops depends on the climatic characteristics of a particular region. In northern regions, sowing is carried out in August, in the south - in September or October. The main principle is to allow the plants to reinforce the root system for wintering and safely pass the phases of hardening. Do not rush to sowing: plants will be more exposed to various diseases and bacteria. However, with a belated sowing winter crops before the onset of frosts do not have time to develop a powerful root system and prepare for wintering. It was found that for normal development and rooting of crops it takes about 45-60 days with an air temperature of less than 5 degrees of heat.

Sowing of wheat should be made much earlier than the sowing of rye. This is due to the fact that rye after sowing is still developing, while wheat has already stopped it.

Methods of sowing winter crops

There are several ways of sowing winter crops. Basically, you need to adhere to this rule: it is necessary to ensure an even distribution of seeds throughout the field. The scattered sowing of winter crops creates the most favorable conditions for the ripening of each of the plants. For this method of sowing, a special device is created - a seeder. However, this method significantly slows the process of production sowing, which causes its smallest application in mass crops.

Ordinary sowing of winter crops can be divided into several species depending on the width between the rows:

  • Ordinary (the width between rows is 15-18 cm);
  • Narrow (width between rows of 7.5-9 cm);
  • Cross-cut (pass of seeder along and across);
  • Wide-row (the width between rows is 45-90 cm);
  • Tape (alternating wide and narrow rows);
  • Dotted (uniform single arrangement of seeds).

There is also a square-nest type of planting, in which the seeds are placed at the corners of the square.

In production, usual continuous sowing is used, however, narrow-sowing is considered a more successful option. Because of the soil compaction from the passage of tractors across the field, practice sowing with a residual width for technological processes. The size of such a gauge is 180 or 140 cm. This method does not harm the crop and does not injure the soil, which improves the conditions for the cultivation of winter crops.

Presowing soil preparation after steam cultures

Soil cultivation for winter crops is carried out by the method of autumn plowing. This type provides for autumn plowing and 1-2 peeling. Plowing of the field should be carried out to a depth of at least 20-22 cm. Spring work for winter crops should begin with moisture closure. During this period it is desirable to hold about 4-5 cultivations with harrowing or in a dry time with rolling. The final cultivation should take place at the depth of the seeding.

Winter cereals require special soil preparation: plowing with plows and skimmers with harrows and annular rinks. After carrying out such work, the soil must be maintained in a clean and loosened form before the sowing of winter crops. This type of presowing tillage is carried out after the steam precursors.

Presowing soil preparation after non-steam crops

Cultivation of soil after non-steam plants is necessary in accordance with the technology of growing previous crops. After the spiked species it is customary to use half-steam cultivation of soil, if the soil moisture conditions are met. Work should include about 2-3 cultivations. On dry soils, preliminarily peeled, and then several times plowed field with harrowing and packing. After collecting perennial plants, plowing with a skimmer should be carried out if the soil moisture is at a sufficient level.

If peas, flax or other cereal crops grow on the field before that, it is necessary to make plowing, and before cultivation starts the cultivation by the same method as usual.

Minimal tillage method

There is a method of minimum soil cultivation for winter crops. In this case, the soil is treated at the lowest possible depth with simultaneous execution of other operations. This type of processing allows reducing the time and energy costs for processing, as well as reducing the number of passes through the field. This greatly improves the agrochemical and water-physical parameters of the soil.

To implement this type of processing, special combined machines with disk or planar parts are used. Such devices in one pass are capable of loosening, and evening, and compacting the soil.

What can be caused by the death of winter crops?

The reasons for the death of winter crops are very different. On the life of plants can affect both natural conditions and mechanical damage. Natural conditions are caused by sharp temperature changes, a lot of precipitation, strong and long frost, stagnation of moisture and water on the surface of the soil. In addition, the winter crop can be prone to fungal diseases.

Freezing. How to prevent?

The most common cause of death of winter crops is frost. Because of the long low temperatures, ice cells form in the plant cells. As a result, the cytoplasm of the cell remains without water, and the protein collapses. The formation of ice inside the cells has a harmful effect on the vital activity of plants. Particularly dangerous spring frosts, t. Winter plant species can not withstand a temperature drop of up to 8-10 degrees during this period.

To prevent the death of winter crops due to their freezing, it is necessary to sow only frost resistant varieties adapted to a specific planting region, or to plant using forest protection belts.

Obsequence. How not to admit?

Another common cause of the death of winter plants is prey. This happens if the snow on the surface of the soil does not melt for a long time, as well as when the soil is not completely freezed. In the conditions of incomplete freezing of the soil or the formation of an ice crust on the surface, winter plants come to life under the influence of light, but sunlight can not break through the ice sheet. When wintering, winter plants die from lack of light under the snow. In addition, weakened by a lack of nutrients, plants fall ill with snow mold.

To prevent damage to the plants from obstruction, the soil should be compacted with rollers if early snow falls. It is necessary to avoid nitrogen fertilizers and early crops. In the case of large precipitation, it is necessary to accelerate the process of melting, loosening the snow.

Wetting out. Methods of struggle

Wetting, as another cause of plant death, usually occurs in lowlands on clay soils or in places where water often accumulates. Plants die due to disturbances in the processes of breathing: carbohydrates are used too much to sustain life. Within 2 weeks, in such conditions, the plants finally die. In order to avoid the harmful effects of surplus water, carry out sowing resistant to flooding varieties and, if possible, drain the accumulated moisture.

Often, plants die due to the formation of ice crusts. The most transparent for the life of plants is a transparent crust. It forms during a thaw, when melted water freezes as the temperature decreases. Ice can form both on the surface of the soil and deep inside it. Plants are in an ice trap. That the formed ice crust did not harm plants, it is necessary to destroy it in parts or completely.

To save dehydrated plants and to avoid other serious problems for the growth of crops, it is necessary to timely cultivate the soil, and also to use spring packing.

The death of winter crops from diseases and pests

To prevent the death of winter crops from diseases or pest infestations, it is necessary to carry out such measures in a timely manner:

  • Avoid processes of soaking and detachment;
  • To dress seeds before planting;
  • Carry out preventive treatment of pesticides with a minimum concentration;
  • Selective crop inspections to monitor crop health;
  • In the presence of damage to crops, pests or diseases, assess the risk of damage and loss of crops;
  • Depending on the degree of risk, carry out the treatment of pesticides with the necessary concentration.

Results

Spring and winter crops should be grown by intensive technologies. A competent, scientifically sound approach to growing grain will allow us to obtain high yields with maximum profitability.

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