What is a methodical technique? Types and classification of methodical techniques. Methodical tricks in the lesson

Methodical reception in translation from Greek means "an option to achieve the goal". This is a certain system of interrelated successive actions of pupils and teachers, thanks to which a full assimilation of new teaching material takes place.

Theoretical basis

Methodical reception is a multidimensional and multidimensional concept. Pedagogical science does not contain any one definite approach to the identification of methods. Different authors offer the following training methods:

• story;
• discussion;
• Work with the textbook;
• Laboratory practical work;
• explanation;
• test;
• an exercise;
• illustration;
• demonstration;
• A variety of types of interviews (frontal, individual, written);
• an exercise.

Moreover, each methodical device has many varieties that help to successfully cope with any didactic tasks.

Learning techniques

Methodical techniques in the lesson are used by the teacher, taking into account the individual characteristics of the class, such as the classroom. Reception is an integral part of the method. In pedagogical colleges and higher educational institutions, future teachers master all the teaching methods developed by the leading representatives of pedagogical science. Methodical methods in primary school provide for maximum use of visual aids that are necessary at this age.

Working with a book

When reading a book, several methods are singled out:

• Reading the text out loud;
• Drawing up a plan for the text read;
• Filling the table with the content read;
• The selection of the logical scheme of the text heard;
• Drawing up a short summary;
• Selection of quotes.

In different situations, methodical techniques in the lesson can be carried out using a variety of techniques.

For example, when working with a book, in one lesson, they combine composing the abstract and reading aloud, and in another lesson, the citations are selected and the logical scheme is drawn to the text. Making it, the guys use explanatory-illustrative methods. Teacher in the process of acquaintance of pupils with new educational material we offer them independent work.

What is necessary to use techniques and methods

Pedagogical methods are realized only when the educational process is provided with the necessary material means. For laboratory reception, equipment will be required, for computer technology - a personal computer. Means of education are called material objects, which are necessary to support the learning process. They become the main tool in the work of a modern teacher.

Material means of teaching

These include visual aids: illustrations, collections, models; Technical means of teaching, didactic material.

Materialized means consider gestures and facial expressions, speech, communicative, cognitive, labor activity.

The purpose of the means of instruction is determined by their didactic characteristics. For example, when teaching chemistry, the teacher uses a demonstration experiment at the stage of learning new material. To consolidate the acquired knowledge and skills, the guys are offered practical and laboratory work.

Functions

The teaching tools used in the modern school perform several functions.

1. Compensatory facilitates the facilitation of the educational process, helps in achieving the set goal with minimal time and physical costs.
2. Adaptive helps the teacher to correlate the content of the academic discipline to the individual and age characteristics of schoolchildren, to receive favorable conditions for the harmonious development of children, to create conditions for organizing independent work of schoolchildren.
3. Informative implies the use of various textbooks, video films, projection equipment, laboratory equipment.
4. Integration is the totality of the phenomena and objects studied, the identification of the essence and properties of processes or laws.

Reception "zigzag"

This methodical technique is suitable for situations in which a large amount of information is needed for a small time period. In the school curriculum in many disciplines, a minimum number of hours are devoted to the study of specific topics. To be in time for a lesson to consider as many paragraphs as possible, the teacher's help comes exactly in such methods. In school, "zigzag" allows for a short period of time to remember the details of a large amount of information. The material is assimilated in an interactive form, the teacher does not offer the pupils a ready-made solution, his pupils are engaged in the search. These methodical techniques are the skills of working for the group. There is a mobilization of all students. They study together to search in the text the basic idea, to systematize information. Suitable methods of "zigzag" are "summary tables", "essays", "cluster".

The main purpose of the application of the "zigzag" method is the mastering of a large layer of new material. Initially, the teacher shares the text in several separate parts. In the class there are several training groups, in each number of children does not exceed 5-6 people. They are considered "primary" blocks. The new material is divided into as many parts as there will be participants in each block.

When considering a large volume of text, you can increase the number of children in primary groups to 6-7 people. They offer the same text to the guys. Each member of the group gets its own numbered passage. Further, the student studies his part of the text individually, composes the supporting summary. Its main task is to obtain a quality "squeeze" from the read passage. The methods and methodological methods for carrying out such work by the teacher are not limited. You can draw a diagram, make a table, draw up a cluster.

At the next stage of work, group work is carried out. Students go to "colleagues", expert groups are formed. In one block, the children will be gathered, working with different passages from one text. The discussion is being accepted. Guys change their opinions, works, choose the best option for presenting their "piece" of text. As an additional task, the teacher proposes to compose questions on the excerpt, so that other children understand whether the material has been learned. Further schoolchildren return to the "original blocks", a stage of reflection is supposed. He suggests presentation of the part of the text to the other schoolchildren, which was worked out individually by the children. As a result, each representative of the mini-group gets an idea of the whole text. As the final stage of the "zigzag" technique, the overall work of the class is assumed. One of the experts presents his part of the text, there is a second audition of the text. If necessary, the "colleague" is complemented by other "experts" from the same group. At the stage of reflection, there is a choice of those presentations that were the most accessible to memorization, understandable by the presentation of the material being presented.

Similar methodical methods in the kindergarten are offered in a lightweight version. Preschool children are also divided into groups, but they are offered not text, but part of a large picture. For example, the illustration of "The Tale of a Turnip" is divided into several separate pictures. One kid receives an image of the turnip, the second grandfather, the third grandmother, the fourth granddaughter, the fifth Beetle, the sixth cat. As a result, together they should present to the guys from the other block a ready version of the well-known fairy tale story.

Reception "collector"

Such methods and methods of teaching are suitable for interactive educational process. "Collector" is good at the stage of preparation for the assimilation of new teaching material. It is considered a universal method, as it is equally good for both technology lessons and chemistry. The main reassignment of this method is the establishment of meta-subject and intersubject communications, demonstration of the possibility of applying new knowledge to explain habitual phenomena.

At the first stage, students need to collect collections. In preparing for the lesson, they are given the task of collecting the maximum number of different subjects, closely related to the subject of the lesson. For example, when preparing the topic "International Relations of the Russian Federation" for geography, the guys collect foreign labels and labels. They are glued to a special album, and on the contour map all countries are marked with circles, of which the goods were brought to Russia.

For such an object as literature, they collect a collection of portraits of poets and writers or heroes created by them. When preparing for biology, the children form a collection of leaves of various trees, algae, feathers of birds, etc.

At the next stage of the lesson on a certain template, all the found items are formed into one album. Each sample must have a description. If the objects are related to chemistry, the name of the product, its chemical formula, spheres of application, significance for the person, negative characteristics are assumed.

The third stage is to work with the collection created earlier in the learning process. Development of methodical methods of this kind is optimal for consolidating new material and generalizing knowledge and skills obtained by students. The lesson is built in the form of a brain-ring, a business game, an auction. Class is divided into several groups, each makes a presentation of a part of the prepared collection. The teacher receives such a "bonus" when choosing this technique as a ready-made reference book or a detailed collection, which they can use when working with other schoolchildren.

Receiving the "intellectual ring"

It is widely used for the reproduction of knowledge. With its help, it is possible to interview students who not only reproduce the acquired material, but also have creative associative thinking, are able to establish logical chains between the material passed and new knowledge. You can conduct an "intellectual ring" at any lesson during the actualization of the available skills, preparing for the study of new material, and for generalizing the topic. Its essence lies in introducing the child as a "boxer". He must withstand a certain number of "strikes", more precisely, the questions asked by the teacher and other children on the topic under consideration. To think over the answer he had only 3-5 seconds. The questions suggested to the "boxer" imply a concrete variant of the answer. This technique allows the teacher to quickly conduct a survey, check the level of preparation of the student, put it to him. Questions can have a playful form, then in addition to mechanical memory, the teacher will be able to identify and understand the topic. Questions can be formed in the form of charades, anagram, homonyms. In mathematics, questions can be replaced by an oral account, comic tasks. At the chemistry lesson, children are encouraged to correct mistakes in formulas, identify authors of laws.

Reception "Running Associations"

He is considered an active method of teaching. With its help, you can systematize the acquired knowledge by comparing new information with the experience you have already acquired. The reception is based on the connection in the educational process of the subconscious, the sensory sphere. The result of the application of the "run of associations" will be a solid assimilation of information, motivation of schoolchildren for further education. For problem lessons with the help of the teacher to set the main goal of the lesson. The teacher divides the class into pairs. Then the main theme of the lesson is given. The child names 2-3 words associated with the subject of the lesson. For example, in mathematics, "running associations" is suitable for studying the topic "circle". The teacher shows the children round subjects. The main task of students is to supplement the logical chain initiated by the teacher. If the lesson involves the development of pupils' speech, the "running of associations" method also helps the teacher to cope with the tasks set. The class is divided into pairs. One child calls two words unrelated to each other. The task for the second student will be to compose a proposal from them, in which the words will be logically related.

Classification of methodical techniques used in the modern educational process, was offered by different teachers. The basis for the division is chosen by different points, taking into account the specifics of the subject, the type of training session. Methodical methods should be rationally and effectively used in the educational process. Professionals believe that at different stages of the lesson the degree of mastery of the material changes dramatically. First, children are able to remember about 60 percent, from 4 to 23 minutes of class they absorb 90% of the information, from 23 to 34 remember only half of the knowledge. Knowing this statistics, the teacher can build his methodical system of work.

Conclusion

What should be considered when selecting methodical techniques? Experts say that the level of assimilation is directly related to the time of day. For example, children learn the most complicated information from 11 to 13 hours. Some increase in working capacity among high school students is celebrated on Saturday, because everyone is looking forward to the upcoming day off. The chosen methodical methods should be accompanied by effective visual materials, modern technical means. In addition, there should be full feedback during the training session between the children and the teacher. To maximize the effectiveness of the methods used, they must be combined with pedagogical means. Choosing methodical methods, the teacher is looking for those that will help motivate students to learn new material. For example, for the teachers of chemistry and physics, project and research methods will be closer. The specifics of these subjects is such that it assumes a large amount of independent work. For teachers of physical culture, almost all methods of teaching are suitable, at each stage of the lesson you can use fragments of innovative pedagogical technologies.