What are winged expressions? Latin winged expressions

What are winged expressions? This is a separate kind of phraseology. Therefore, first we define the second, that is, a broader concept. It is characteristic that phraseology is a stable combination of words, which is characteristic of a certain language. Thus, originally phraseological constructions exist in a certain cultural and linguistic environment. What is characteristic of them? The words from which they are composed can not be rearranged, in which case the general meaning is lost. Also, the general meaning of phraseology can not be determined by analyzing the meaning of each word separately. It is much deeper ... There is a breath of wisdom in it.

Where do the winged expressions come from?

So what is a "winged expression"? What feature distinguishes them, distinguishes them from the totality of other phraseological units? The answer is short: a literary source. Even if the winged expressions were generated as an utterance of outstanding personalities, it was still written down to them.

It is no secret that the level of culture of society is determined, among other things, by a phenomenon such as cultural memory. It is this kind of civilizational continuity that can be explained by the fact that Latin winged expressions have reached us. The Romans were practitioners who preferred applied sciences. Their treatises on architecture, on agriculture, in contrast to modern business literature, are written in a more figurative language containing phraseological units. It is thanks to the developed written language of a thousand-year civilization that the wise utterances of the emperors, philosophers, commanders reached us.

Ancient Roman civilization, which gave rise to actual phraseological units

Periodization of the development of literary creativity of Rome is characterized by its inception in the III century BC. E. And the phase of its highest flowering in the I century BC. E., decorated with outstanding names of poets and philosophers - Ovid, Cicero, Virgil, Horace.

The ancients were often characterized by witty and imaginative thinking. In everyday life, obviously, Plutarch and Horace were not boring, and moreover, quite cheerful people. The literary images they created are colorful and original. What is worth only a titanic effort and as a result gave birth to a mouse mountain! The winged expressions of the Romans (the same mountain and mouse) were subsequently mentioned with a humorous tinge by Russian poets and philosophers (for example, Trediakovsky).

Is the Latin language dead?

After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, which falls on the 6th century AD, E., Latin , the language of interethnic communication of Ancient Rome, gradually becomes dead, i.e., it ceases to speak. However, until the end of the 17th century for the new European civilization, it remains an active written language: it is alive and relevant for selected educated people - scientists, priests, diplomats. It is these persons who not only know what cruise expressions are, but also use them in their treatises, brought to us the greatness of the ancient thought contained in them. For sure, dear readers, you yourself have often met in books, or in a Russian translation voiced the words, once uttered by proud Romans. We recall only some of them.

Latin Phraseologisms in Europe

The developed structure of the Latin language at one time became the basis for the further development of the languages of Italian, French, Portuguese. However, his imagery and phraseology served his modern application.

It still remains the official language of the specific Catholic state of the Vatican. In addition, the Latin language was and remains the language of European science. Winged expressions in Latin were also created in medieval Europe. Thomas Aquinas, Thomas More, Francois Villon (the list can be continued further) were the continuation of the business of creating Latin phraseological units.

Latin phraseology was known in Russia

In this language of science, introducing Roman phraseological units into them, Russian scientists created their works, for example, MV Lomonosov, NI Pirogov. In particular, it is Mikhail Vasilievich who owns the honor of continuing, but in Russian, the tradition of Virgil, which he laid down in the poem "Monument".

However, already in the XIX century, as AS Pushkin wrote in the novel "Eugene Onegin", it becomes "Latin is not in vogue." And after the October Revolution the Latin language, which until then was compulsory for studying in a comprehensive school (remember the chapter "Latin Exam" from Leo Tolstoy's "Youth") was withdrawn. However, at the present time - the era of mass culture - the Latin winged expressions are again in favor. They are mentioned by writers, influential persons include them in ancestral arms. In addition, today many educated people use accents on a certain thought in written speech, if necessary. Such creativity is justified: the brevity of the Latin text, the depth of meaning and the ancient tradition embedded in it invariably make it attractive.

On Russian winged expressions

Recalling the Russian winged expressions, let us turn to their reliable depository - the golden Russian literature of the 19th century, enriching the world culture with the names of Pushkin, Lermontov, Griboyedov, Krylov, Belinsky, Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky. The work of these classics serves as their generous source. Real connoisseurs of literature know by heart many of the winged expressions that fill satirical novels, fables, comedies, stories.

Consider, for example, Krylov's fable "The Mirror and the Monkey." Winged expressions, as we see, are contained even in a small poetic work, which the child can easily remember.

The author's life and depth of thought are distinguished by the above lines of the fable "Mirror and Monkey". These winged expressions, no doubt, are quite modern today. Indeed, before evaluating the behavior of another person, you should learn to adequately perceive your weaknesses and strengths.

It would be unfair to analyze the work of the golden age of literature, not to notice that the most generous literary sources of these aphoristic phrases, except Krylov's fables, are the works: Griboyedov - "Woe from Wit", Fonvizin - "Nedorosl", works by Kozma Prutkov.

At the beginning of the XX century, V. Mayakovsky, authors Ilf and Petrov, and M. Bulgakov succeeded in creating winged expressions. Let us imagine several winged expressions that came to us from Russian literature:

It is characteristic that these phrases often come in handy under various typical communicative circumstances just when it is necessary to unobtrusively present a summary of what is happening. In a word, lovers of great Russian literature do not need to explain for a long time what cruise expressions are.

Phraseologicalisms generated by the Bible

It would be unfair not to mention the huge reservoir of stable phraseological constructions of biblical origin, which occupy a significant niche in modern communication and world perception. They figuratively, metaphorically contribute to the formation of the highest moral and spiritual values of man. After all, even the actual chronology counts "from the birth of Christ."

Christian phraseological units are not only the lot of believers. Since ancient times, the culture of Orthodox Russia has saturated them with everyday life. This did not stop even decades of planting so-called scientific atheism. Probably, each of us, receiving an education, repeatedly heard from teachers a biblical expression that became winged: "To know how our Father" (ie, firmly, by heart). Agree that in everyday life, not at all rare, many phraseological units of biblical origin. Examples of them may be: "stray sheep", "stumbling block", "Judas kiss".

Conclusion

Historians and linguists argue that the authorship of the term "winged expression" belongs to the ancient Greek Homer. It was mentioned practically in the modern sense in the "Iliad" and "Odyssey". However, does this mean that this phenomenon did not arise in earlier civilizations?

However, investigating the nature of this kind of phraseological units, we see that they were generated and generated by a certain cultural environment. They enrich spiritually. A person who uses winged expressions, in fact, appeals to the associative thinking of the interlocutors, to their cultural potential.

Perhaps that's why, when finishing the article, we can conclude that the frequency of the use of winged expressions in everyday human communication is indicative of the level of its cultural development.