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What are the criteria for differentiating wages? Differentiation of wages in Russia

Every working person receives a reward called wages. Differentiation of wages - this is a concept about which all at least once, but heard. That's just his value very few people are interested. Well, we need to talk about this topic, and note the main points concerning it.

Definition

Everyone knows what wages are. Wage differentiation is a concept derived from the Latin word differentia. In Russian it is translated as "difference". English difference, by the way, means the same thing. This term always means the allocation of a certain part of a single. Whatever it concerns. But, naturally, the selection always takes place on certain grounds.

And here the differentiation of wages, as it was already possible to guess, means a significant difference in the income levels of people.

Influencing factors

Of course, demand and supply play a role. But there are much more important factors that affect the amount of wages.

First, it is the quantity and quality of work. Secondly, the conditions under which a person has to work. Thirdly, it is the qualification of labor. And the type of human activity, the cost of living (and such a concept exists), minimum wage (acts as a social guarantee), as well as the wage policy.

These factors influence the size of the salary of specific workers or their individual groups. The practice is known for the sectoral differentiation of wages, territorial and professional. And also the difference in working conditions and categories of workers.

Causes

This or that size of incomes is always connected with human well-being. It is not a secret for anyone that today some people get more money, while others - less. Such unevenness is caused by certain reasons for wage differentiation.

The first is one of the most significant. And these are the differences in physical and intellectual abilities. Also important is the level of education, qualifications, professional qualities, and even the willingness to take risks.

The second reason lies in the motivation and diligence. Each person does not work like the other. There are workaholics who spend half a day at work, do not take holidays, and constantly increase their diligence and love of work. And there are apathetic "workers". They stayed at work for only 15 minutes, and already eagerly glance at the clock. It is not surprising that these people can occupy the same position for decades - they do not have excitement.

The third reason is a profession. It is logical that the seller-consultant in the store will earn an order of magnitude less than the financial director of any large company.

The fourth reason that takes place in the system of differentiating the wages of workers is the success, luck, discrimination, size and composition of the family.

And, finally, the last factor. The fifth reason is the possession of any property. Why does the accumulation of rich people constantly increase? Because they invest their earned money in banks, real estate, other values, thereby doubling them. And insolvent people can not afford it, because they do not have savings.

Restrictions

There are many other factors of wage differentiation. Attention should be paid to geographical restrictions. Each of us is familiar with this sign. And we are talking about the difference in wages, which does not depend on the life or working conditions of people. This means a different ratio of supply and demand in these or those regional labor markets. It is logical that in Moscow a worker in the media sphere will receive more than in the Crimea. After all, even do not need to sound, where the media is better developed, where they are significant, and how different is the technical base. As well as, in fact, the requirements for employees.

Still need to be said about institutional constraints. These are artificial "frames". They limit the mobility of employees. When, for example, the trade union restricts the number of its members, it automatically prevents a possible relocation of workers to another region where the salary is higher. All because of the fear of being not accepted in the new place as a member of the trade union.

And there are sociological restrictions. And this is considered by many to be the most outrageous factor. Despite the existence of relevant laws, there is often a differentiation of wages in the enterprise by sex, nationality and citizenship.

Other nuances

Another difference in salary is often explained by investments in human capital. This is the so-called expenditure aimed at increasing the quality of the workforce. And, of course, performance. This primarily includes payment for education. General, special, retraining, advanced training, etc.

Expenditure on health is also included in the list of reasons for the difference between wage rates. Needless to say, even if the payment for increasing the number of jobs is also decided to make in this category. Although, if you go into details, this is not an investment in a person. This is the development of the means of a firm / company / concern, etc.

Rates

Talking about what the differentiation of wage rates is, and for what reasons it exists, one can not fail to note one interesting thing. Namely, the fact that during the times of the USSR, a single state tariff system was developed. What is it? The set of standards by which the country performs the settlement of wage levels. These are district coefficients to salary, tariff grids, rates, qualification guides and much more.

By the way, here about the latter it is possible more in detail. Directory - this is a weighty collection, which contains the characteristics of various types of work and specializations. And the requirements that are imposed on the skills and knowledge of a potential employee of a particular sphere.

The notorious tariff scale is created for regulation of a payment depending on, how much the person is qualified. And the rate, as everyone knows, determines the employee's salary for a certain category. Since 1992, there is a unified tariff scale in the Russian Federation. It includes 18 rates of digits. In this case, the very first, the minimum, corresponds to the minimum wage.

Promotion

All of the above - this is the main aspects relating to such a concept as wages. Differentiation of wages, in addition, includes more surcharges and additional payments. Specialists performing complicated, difficult, dangerous, important, urgent, intensive work are always paid more. Money compensates for their workload and expended forces. The same overtime is a vivid example. Or additional payments by the teacher for the fact that they conduct a "prolongation" or take one or another class for their leadership.

It should be noted that certain surcharges are mandatory. And that the enterprise does not "forget" about them, the relevant law was adopted and the Labor Code was established.

Everyone knows such a thing as a prize. This is an incentive reward for achieving certain indicators in the work. In each production there are bonus provisions, which describe all the conditions that a person who wants to receive a reward should follow.

Specificity of payment

It is worth noting that there is not only a fixed wage. The differentiation of wages still depends on the form and type of work. This refers to the process itself. There is, for example, the so-called system of floating salaries. Or pay on a commission basis. Often, freelancers (people working remotely) receive more than those people who go to work intentionally. Because they, as a rule, pay for the unit of labor, and not for the time spent.

Let's say a good artist was ordered a painting for 30,000 rubles. He, being a master of his craft, wrote it in five days. And he got obviously more than the same school teacher. While he will receive his s / n at the end of the month for conducting a certain number of lessons.

On incentive pay

This aspect, too, should be touched upon with attention, talking about such a topic as the differentiation of wages in Russia.

So, the size of "stimulating" in any cases depends on two major factors. The first is the initial value s / n. It always determines the problem of income level. The initial value is the price of the work performed by the person. Naturally, if a person receives 70,000 rubles a month, applying efforts commensurate to payment, his premium can not amount to 1,000 rubles.

And the second factor is social justice. The difference in wage levels between employees of higher and lower qualifications should be justified and argued.

How are things at the enterprises?

A couple of words worth mentioning about how the differentiation of wages is determined at these or those firms. Dependencies, causes and factors affecting the difference were listed above. And now you can tell how it is determined by the leaders of enterprises.

The basis is legislation. And, proceeding from his provisions, a system of payment of labor is being built up . First of all, the specifics of production are taken into account. What are the features of the organization of labor, the nature of the services / products produced, the specifics of the structure of the staff and its composition?

Then a draft payroll organization is being developed . All several times it is rechecked, errors and defects are eliminated, objectivity is analyzed. And, importantly, the staff should be involved in the process. Workers who promote their enterprise with their own labor should also have their say, so that the differentiation of wages is as objective as possible. And it would not hurt to remember everything. People are often embarrassed or afraid to ask for a raise or a premium. And in fact in vain. When a person is really hardworking, benefits the enterprise, overfulfils the plan, or shows himself better than others - he has the right to declare himself if the employer does not notice.

The social dimension

Of course, financial, economic, legal and organizational aspects are very important. Their whole essence was listed above. But finally I would like to say a few words about the social component.

Differentiation is something that should improve the effectiveness of using certain resources. The difference, traced in salary levels, is obliged to stimulate specialists and employees to improve, improve their career. A simple example: there is a large media holding. For its benefit, people of very different specialization work. Starting with the secretaries, proofreaders and assistants of the presenter, finishing with the chief editors, editors and operators. Hardly a journalist who has been set up for a probationary period knows that he, at first, will be paid 30,000 rubles (say). But he also knows that a special correspondent gets twice as much. There is an incentive to grow, work, show yourself a good worker, and even overfulfill a plan. This is called prospects.

Negative factor

However, some types of differentiation only worsen the situation. And no economic efficiency is observed. People work at the enterprise for five years, ten, fifteen - and all the time they occupy the same position, receiving minor increases every couple of years. And the director, administrators and deputies buy the latest models of phones every year, change their cars and add floors to their dachas. Exaggerated, of course, but such and such situations are not uncommon. And so clearly pronounced differentiation only depresses workers and discourages any desire to work for the benefit of the enterprise. This is social injustice. It should not be. And it must be fought with.

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