Types of truth in philosophical knowledge

Is the truth hidden in wine or "nothing is true, everything is permitted"? These and many other questions philosophers have been trying to answer for more than one millennium. With each new attempt to find real knowledge on the Promised Land, there are even more unsolvable questions and paradoxes at this particular moment. In this article, we briefly describe the different types of truth in the humanities and philosophy.

Before proceeding directly to the classification, it is worth noting that in modern humanitarian knowledge so many truths are singled out, how many professions and kinds of activity existed and exist in different societies. So, for a religious person, the misfortune of a neighbor is a punishment for his sins or a divine omen, for a lawyer this may be a crime or a violation of the law, but for a poet and a writer - a touching and enchanting story of a person's struggle with his grief. All these kinds of truth have a right to exist, because they lie in different fields of knowledge.

According to the most popular classification, the truth is divided into absolute and relative. The first is a complete and whole knowledge of the object or phenomenon. On the other hand, the relative truth indicates that the absolute is unattainable. It is impossible to comprehend everything in knowledge, although this can be approached. Such kinds of truth in philosophy gave rise to two theories: metaphysics, which asserts that absolute knowledge is real, and relativism, grasping for the relativity of any knowledge.

Since ancient times people have doubted the absolute truth. Sophists in ancient Greece expressed relativistic views in relation to this, for which they were criticized by Socrates. Hobbes, Diderot, Descartes and Leibniz after Christian scholasticism in the sixteenth century also argued that the idea of the creation of the world by God as an absolute truth has many gaps and is in fact untenable.

Service to the relative truth is vigorously criticized by Friedrich Nietzsche in his work "So Spoke Zarathustra." Her relativity manifests itself in the convictions of the people or one of the rulers. Presenting for a true knowledge a false theory, which, for example, in the middle of the twentieth century was eugenics, a person manipulates others for his own mercenary purposes. The real philosopher, in the opinion of the German immoralist, must serve a real, nontranscendent truth.

How to understand what is truth? Its criteria and species are described in many philosophical and other scientific works. In short, the truth must obey the laws of logic, do not contradict the already open facts of science, correspond to fundamental knowledge, be simple and understandable, be applied in practice, and should not depend on humanity.

Kinds of truth, which have already been mentioned above, are supplemented also by its objective type. Such a truth is a knowledge that does not depend on the activity of the individual and humanity as a whole. Whatever kinds of truth exist, philosophers believe that they can be known only through experience, sensation, reason. Or, as Ivan Karamazov said in the novel of FM Dostoyevsky: "If there is no God, everything is allowed."