Types of party systems. The party system is ...

The party system is a series of specific parties and the relationship between them. Each developing country has its own political regime, which has been established for centuries. Today, there are several types of party systems. Which of them is typical for modern Russia and why historically it happened - the questions to which researchers are still looking for answers.

Parties and party systems

A new political party arises in order to satisfy the interests of various social strata of the population. Their number is a reflection of the degree of economic and ideological heterogeneity of interests. The greater the degree of heterogeneity, the correspondingly, more parties in the political system. Each of them satisfies the interests of a certain stratum of the population. The position of parties in the political system, the nature of their interaction, and also their type create a special configuration for each state, that is, the existing party system. Each power has its own.

Types of party systems can be:

• One-party;
• Bipartisan;
• Multi-party.

One-party system

The main feature is the monopoly of one party in the state. The existence of a one-party system is possible under a totalitarian or authoritarian regime.

Such systems are usually divided into two more types. The first is a really one-party system, that is, there is really one party at the head of the state that controls all spheres of activity. The second type is formally a multi-party system. Its essence is that, despite the existence of several parties, all power belongs to only one, it is called the hegemon.

The party systems of the countries of Eastern Europe belonged to this type until 1990. Currently, it is typical for China, however, in addition to the ruling Communist Party, there are eight other.

Two-party system

The main sign is the constant competition between the two main political parties, their alternate rule. In such a system, the rest do not have a significant political weight. This means that almost all parliamentary seats go to the deputies of the two parties who gain a larger number of votes. In a bipartisan system, it is impossible to create a coalition, because each party itself is itself such. The main representatives are English-speaking countries - the USA and Great Britain.

2.5-party system

This type is not officially recognized, because it is extremely rare, but from the theoretical point of view it is worth remembering about it. It is something middle between a two-party system and a multi-party system. Is manifested in the event that none of the two competing parties can collect the required number of votes, for example, one is gaining 43%, and the other 47%. To form a government, you need 50% plus one vote.

In this case, the missing interest is taken from an insignificant party, which can acquire significant power for them.

Multi-party system

The main difference is the competition of several parties. In accordance with their quantity, party systems of moderate (3-5) and extreme (6 or more) pluralism are singled out. But at the same time none of them is independently in power. To this end, several parties are united in a coalition. This is necessary for internal parliamentary work and government in general. The party system of modern Russia belongs to this type.

Varieties of a multiparty system

Depending on the functioning of the parties, several types are distinguished.

1. A multi-party system without a party that dominates. With this type, neither party has an absolute majority. During the formation of the government, several parties are united in alliances and coalitions.
2. A multi-party system with a dominant party. Accordingly, one party (or a union is possible) acts as a leader in the political arena.
3. Block multiparty system. This type resembles bipartism in connection with the fact that parties are united in blocks that compete with each other.

Typology of party systems

In the course of historical development, one party was formed in one state, in the other - two, in the third - three or more. Depending on the class composition of the population, historical traditions, conditions, political culture, national composition, this or that party system has developed. This is due to many factors affecting the policy of the state.

The parties, driven into the framework of one society, constantly interact with each other, without isolating themselves from each other. They make state decisions, influence the society.

A number of these parties, their character, relations among themselves, interaction with the state or other political institutions is a political system.

Types of party systems are determined not in a purely arithmetic way, that is, one-party - one party, two-party - two, multi-party - a lot. Here it is necessary to take into account the totality of certain characteristics. The qualification of political systems consists of three main indicators:

• Number of lots;
• Presence or absence of the dominant party, coalition;
• Level of competition between parties.

Party political systems

Each regime has its own regime. The policy of the state is formed over many centuries. The party system is A holistic concept of the relationship between the parties, their blocs and alliances, interaction among themselves, cooperation or, conversely, rivalry in the exercise of power.

For today in different states there is a huge quantity of parties which satisfy interests of all cells of a society. Because such diversity allows any person to make their choice in the polling station.

Parties and party systems are formed as a result of their interaction and position in the political arena. Important is the type of parties themselves. The existing legislation, the constitution and electoral laws have a great impact. Each state has a certain party system. This is an integral part of any power. Only the types of these systems and the nature of the parties differ.

There are several factors that influence the formation of the political system of the state. These include:

• The political maturity of society;
• Level of political consciousness;
• National composition;
• Religious views of society;
• Cultural aspect;
• Historical traditions;
• The formulation of social and class forces.

The modern party systems of this or that state are the result of centuries of formation and historical development.

Batch functions

It is impossible to find a middle ground on the political arena, so the population needs several options, among which it can make its choice. In this regard, to date, there is a huge number of unions, blocs and associations.

Depending on the necessary components of social and political life of modern society, the parties perform certain functions.

The first and the most basic should be attributed representative. It expresses the interests of certain groups of society. In some countries, several political parties are oriented toward the same layers of the population.

The second function is socialization. Its essence is to involve a part of the population among its members or simply supporters.

To the third, researchers attribute a communicative function. Its task is to maintain stable ties with voters, the public, other political institutions, the ruling organization, and rivals. Party organization should focus on public opinion, so this function is extremely important.

The fourth is ideological. This includes propaganda. PR, advertising, pre-election campaign, development of a winning political platform.

And the fifth function is organizational and political. An important component is the selection of people, the nomination of cadres for elections, the provision of their proper conditions of activity and their subsequent participation in the struggle for power.

The situation in Russia

The party system of modern Russia began its formation in the late nineteenth century. Since then, many new unions have appeared on the arena, but there have also been those that have been established and developed together with history.

The party system of Russia is multi-party. However, theoretical researchers are convinced that its multi-party system is amorphous and unstable. At the same level with known and popular enough parties, new ones appear before the elections, and then immediately disappear. There are many blocks, whose programs do not differ from each other. Because of this, the electorate disintegrates, making the wrong choice.

However, thanks to the Constitution and the current legislation, the Russian Federation is gradually moving away from this trend. Thus, in the elections to the State Duma in 1995, as many as 43 political associations were registered. In 1999 - already 26, and in 2003, and even less - 22 parties. Every year this number decreases.

The party system of Russia is controlled by the legislation, the main requirements are set out in the Law "On political parties". Thanks to this, there are improvements in the system.

According to the law, each party must number at least 50 thousand people, it must have regional organizations in at least 50 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, each of which must have 100 members. They also increased the barrier to the State Duma. Previously, parties required 5% of the electorate votes, now - at least 7%.