Types of complex sentences. Russian language

The sentence is one of the basic concepts of the Russian language, its study is concerned with the syntax. It's no secret that people communicate with each other precisely these units. Logically finished sentences are the basis of oral and written speech. There are a lot of varieties of this syntactic unit, a special dynamism, and at the same time richness is attached to the narrative's unfolding. The task of writing a proposal consisting of several parts is not uncommon in oral and written examinations. The main thing in this matter is to know the types of complex sentences and punctuation marks in them.

Complex proposition: definition and types

The sentence - as the basic structural unit of human speech - has a number of specific features, by which it can be distinguished from a word combination or simply a set of words. Any sentence contains a statement. It can be a message of facts, a question or a motivation for action. The proposal must have a grammatical basis. These lexical units are always intonationally finished.

The proposals are divided into two large groups: simple and complex. This gradation is based on the number of predicative bases. For example:

1. In the morning, snow fell. The sentence is simple with one grammatical basis: snow (subject) fell out (a predicate).
2. In the morning the snow fell, and the whole earth seemed to become covered with a fluffy veil. In this example, we observe a complex sentence. The first grammatical basis - snow (subject), fell out (predicate); The second - the earth (subject), covered (the predicate).

The types of complex sentences are different depending on how the simple sentences that form part of it are joined. They can be compound, complex or non-union. Let us examine these types of complex sentences with examples.

Complicated offer

Writing unions are used to link parts of compound sentences. It is worth noting that the parts in such a proposal are equal: from one to the other the question is not asked.

Examples

The clock struck three nights, but the household did not sleep. This is a compound sentence, its parts are joined by a "but" and with the help of intonation. Grammatical fundamentals: the clock (subject) was punched (the predicate); The second - the household (the subject) did not sleep (the predicate).

The night was approaching, and the stars grew brighter. There are two grammatical foundations: the night (subject) was advancing (the predicate); The second - the stars (subject), became brighter (the predicate). Simple sentences are joined by means of a composition union and, as well as intonation.

Unions in a compound sentence

Since for the connection of sentences within the compound one, we use conjugate unions, these syntactic units will be divided into:

1. Proposals with connecting unions (and, yes, yes, and (and), too, too). Typically, these unions are used to refer to events in time (simultaneity or consistency). Often, they face circumstances that point to time. For example:

The cloud grew in size to the sky, and after a few minutes the torrential rain began. The union union is strengthened by the circumstance of time (in a few minutes).

2. Proposals with opposing unions (a, but, yes, but others, etc.). In them, two events are opposed to each other. For example:

This year we were not at sea, but parents were happy with the help in the garden.

In addition, in such proposals, the function of an adversarial alliance can be assumed by a particle.

For example: We managed to jump into the last car, Andrei remained on the platform.

3. Proposals with separative unions (or, or, etc.) Show that one of the listed events or phenomena is possible. For example:

Either the forty cranes, or the grasshoppers clink.

Punctuation marks in compound sentences

The punctuation rule in the compound sentence is the following: a comma is placed between simple sentences. For example:

Barely keep leaves on the trees, and the gusts of the wind carry them away, laying a carpet. The grammatical basis of a complex sentence is as follows: leaflets (subject) hold (predicate); Impulses (subject) carry away (the predicate).

This rule has one nuance: when both parts refer to a common member (addition or circumstance), a comma is not needed. For example:

In the summer, people need movement and do not need spleen. Circumstance in time refers both to the first part with a grammatical basis, the movement (subject) is necessary (predicate), and to the second, the basis of which - the spleen (subject) is not needed (the predicate).

The snow covered the earth with snow-white covers and dried the frost. Here, both parts have a common complement - the earth. Grammatical bases are as follows: first - snow (subject) enveloped (predicate); The second - frost (subject) dried (predicate).

It is also difficult to distinguish compound sentences from simple ones with homogeneous predicates. To determine which sentences are complex, it is sufficient to select a predicate basis (or bases). Let us examine two examples:

1. It was a sunny winter day, and in places in the forest red berries of mountain ash could be seen. This sentence is compound. Let us prove this: two grammatical bases can be traced: the day (subject) stood (the predicate), the second - the (predicate) berries (subject) were seen.
2. Red berries of mountain ash were seen in the forest and glistened in the sun with bright clusters. This sentence is simple, it is only complicated by homogeneous predicates. Let's analyze the grammatical basis. The subject - berries, homogeneous predicates - were seen, glistened; A comma is not required.

Complex sentences: definition and structure

Another difficult sentence with union communication is complex. Such proposals consist of unequal parts: the main simple sentence and one or more subordinate clauses attached to it. The latter answer questions from the main and secondary members of the main proposal, they have a subordinate union. The units are joined together by means of subordinate unions. Structural clauses are possible at the beginning, middle or end of the main. Let's consider examples:

We will go for a walk when the rain stops to run. This sentence is complex. The main part has a grammatical basis: we (subject) will go for a walk (a predicate); The grammatical basis of the subordinate clause - the rain (the subject) will cease to go. Here the subordinate clause is after the main clause.

So you can speak eloquently, you need to read a lot of literature. This complex sentence has as its main and subordinate parts. The main principle is to read (the predicate); The basis of the subordinate - you (the subject) could express (predicate). In this complex sentence, the subordinate part faces the main part.

We were surprised when we were told the results of the exam, and are alarmed by the upcoming tests. In this example, the subordinate clause "breaks" the main thing. Grammatical bases: we (subject) were surprised, alarmed (predicate) - in the main part; Announced (the predicate) - in the subordinate part.

Subjunctive unions and union words: how to distinguish?

Not always to join simple sentences as part of a compound, unions are used, sometimes their role is played by so-called union words - pronouns that are homonymous to them. The main difference is that the unions are used exclusively to attach parts of the proposal to each other, they are not members of the proposal.

Another thing - allied words.

Their role is played by relative pronouns, accordingly, such lexical units will be members of the sentence.

Here are the signs by which it is possible to distinguish subordinate unions from allied words:

1. Most often, the union in the sentence can be omitted, without losing its meaning. Mom said it was time to go to bed. Let's change the offer by omitting the alliance: Mom said: "It's time to go to bed."
2. The union can always be replaced by another union. For example: When (If) you read a lot, memory becomes better. The union word is replaced only by another union word, or by a word from the main sentence, from which we ask the question to the subordinate. Let us recall the years that we spent in Naples. The union word that can be replaced by the addition of years from the main sentence ( Remember the years: those years we spent in Naples ).

Subordinate clause

Sentences can be attached to the main in different ways, it depends on what part of the main sentence they explain. They can refer to one word, to a phrase or to the whole main sentence.

To understand what type of joining in a particular case - it is necessary to ask a question and analyze which part of the main proposal it is delivered from.

There are several types of subordinate clauses: their distinction depends on the meaning and question that we ask from the main part to the secondary. Subjects, predictive, determinative, additional or circumstantial - such clauses can be.

In addition, the lexical subordinate clause can have several meanings (to be multivalued). For example: It's great when you can just walk down the street, not thinking about anything. The meaning of the subordinate is both a condition and a time.

Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

The following types of complex sentences are distinguished with a subordinate link and several subordinate clauses: with a homogeneous, heterogeneous and consistent subordination. The distinction depends on how the question is asked.

• With homogeneous subordination, all subordinate ones refer to the same word from the main one. For example: I want to tell you that good conquers evil, that princes and princesses exist, that magic surrounds us everywhere. All three subordinate clauses explain one word from the main - to tell.
• Inhomogeneous (parallel) submission takes place if the subordinate answers to various questions. For example: When we go camping, friends will help each other, although they themselves will not be easy. Here, two subordinate clauses answer the questions when? (First), and not looking at what? (Second).
• Consistent submission. The question in such proposals is given by a chain, from one sentence to another. For example: Only he will see the beauty of the soul, who does not look at the exterior, knows that the price of words and deeds is very high. The main clause is added to the main clause: to the first one ask the question who? , To the second - what?

Punctuation in a complex sentence

Parts of the compound sentence are separated from each other by a comma. It is put before the union. Multiple complex sentences with a subordinate link may not have a comma. This happens in the case when homogeneous clauses are used, connected by non-repeating unions and, or. For example:

I said that today is a beautiful day and that the sun has long since risen. Here homogeneous clauses with the fundamentals of the day (subject) are beautiful (the predicate), the sun (subject) has risen (the predicate). Between them a comma is not required.

Unions offer

In the Russian language, there are such sentences where the connection between parts occurs only with the help of intonation and semantic connections. Such proposals are called unionless. It was raining, the last leaves fell from the trees. In this complex non-union sentence, two parts with grammatical fundamentals: in the first, the rain (subject) passed (the predicate); The second one has fallen (predicate) leaves (subject).

In addition to intonation and meaning, the connection between parts is carried out by their order and the temporal characteristics of verbs-predicates and their inclination. Here, two subordinate clauses answer the questions when? (First), and not looking at what? (Second).

Types of non-union proposals

Non-union proposals are of two types: homogeneous and heterogeneous composition.

The first are those where the predicates have, as a rule, the same form; Their meaning - comparison, opposition or sequence of actions. In structure, they resemble the compound, just the unionless homogeneous omitted union. For example:

Autumn began, the sky was covered with leaden clouds. Let's compare: The autumn began, and the sky was covered with leaden clouds.

Non-union with a heterogeneous composition tend to be more complex. As a rule, such polynomial complex sentences have one part, where the main meaning of the sentence is enclosed. For example:

I love winter: beautifully dressed nature, magic holidays are coming, it's time to get skis and skates. In the presence of an associationless connection and the equality of parts, the basic meaning is still contained in the first, and the subsequent it is disclosed.

Punctuation in an unconditioned proposal

An unconnected link suggests that signs in a complex sentence of this kind will be variable. The setting of a comma, a colon, a semicolon or a dash will depend on the meaning. For clarity, we give the table:

Punctuation mark	Semantic load	Method of verification	Examples
Comma	Indicate actions occurring simultaneously or sequentially	Within the meaning of	Grandmother sets the table, my mother prepares dinner, and my father and children clean up the apartment.
Dash	Contrast	Anti-union unions (a, but)	I endure - she is indignant.
	The first sentence specifies a condition or time interval	Unions when or if	You will read a lot - there will be fresh thoughts.
	The second sentence contains a corollary of the first	Union so that	The doors opened - fresh air filled the whole room.
Colon	The second sentence contains the reason	Union because	I love the white nights: you can walk till I fall.
	The second sentence is an explanation of the first	Union, namely	Everyone was ready for the parents' day: the children learned the poems, the counselors made reports, the staff carried out a general cleaning.
	The second proposal is the addition of the first	Union that	I'm sure you'll never betray me.

When one of the parts is complicated by any constructions - use a semicolon. For example:

Singing a song, Marat walked through puddles; Children ran alongside, joyful and cheerful. Here the first part is complicated by a separate circumstance, and the second by a separate definition.

Making a proposal with an association is simple: the main thing is to focus on the meaning.

Complex sentences with different types of communication and punctuation in them

Often, the types of complex sentences are concentrated in one syntactic structure, that is, there is both an alliance and an all-union connection between different parts. These are complex sentences with different types of communication. Let's analyze the examples.

Although he was still dozing, but around there was a stormy activity of the household: they darted from room to room, talking, quarreling. The first part - the subordinate connection, the second - the cohesive, the third - the union.

I know the simple truth: you stop quarreling when everyone learns to listen and understand. The connection between the first and second parts is un-union, then it is subordinate.

As a rule, such proposals are two blocks, which are connected by writing unions or completely without alliance. Within each block there may be several simple sentences with a subordinate or a cohesive link.