Transitive verb is ... Transitive and intransitive verbs

Transitivity / intransitivity is a category on the basis of which it is possible to distinguish the relation between the subject and the object of action. The meaning of this category is that the subject performs a certain action, and his result can "turn out" (go) or not "turn out" (not to pass) to the subject. Therefore, verbs in Russian are divided into transitive and intransitive.

Transitive and intransitive verbs. Lexical meaning

To determine the transitivity, it is necessary to identify a key feature that acts as a complement to the verb and has a certain case marking.

Transitive verb is a verb having the meaning of an action that is directed at an object and changes or produces it (check the work, dig a hole).

Intransitive verb - means movement or position in space, or a moral state, or physical.

Also distinguish the so-called labile verbs. They can act as transient, and intransitive (the editor is ruled by the manuscript - the world is ruled by the man himself).

Syntax difference

The syntactic difference between transitive and intransitive verbs is associated with a lexical meaning. Transitive and intransitive verbs are usually combined:

• The first - with nouns and pronouns, denoting the object of action without a preposition in the accusative case (read the journal, treat the girl).
• The second - with additions that are expressed by nouns and pronouns, with or without prepositions, exclusively in oblique cases (playing on the street, walking in the yard). Also, with intransitive verbs, the accusative case can be used , but without a preposition and bearing the meaning of time or space: tourists go day and night.

In addition, the object of action with transitive verbs can also be expressed in the genitive case, but only in such cases:

• When marking part of the object: buy water, drink tea;
• If the verb has a negative: I have no right, I have not read the book.

Transitive and intransitive verbs (table) have such basic differences.

Morphological signs

As a rule, these verbs do not have special morphological features. But all the same, certain types of word formation are indicators of the transitivity or intransitivity of the verb. So, the transitive verb is:

• All verbs with the affix -sya (to be sure);
• The nominal verbs in which the suffix -e- or -nicha - (-ycha-) is singled out: to pick and choose, to be exhausted, to be greedy.

To the transition can be attributed verbs, which were formed from adjectives with the help of the suffix -and-: greening, blacking.

There are separate cases when, attaching a prefix to intransitive unprimed verbs, they form transitive verbs. Examples: harm and disable.

If there is no addition in the sentence, the transitive verb fulfills the intransitive function: The pupil writes well (the property inherent in the person is indicated).

Intransitive verbs contain a special group of reflexive verbs, their formal sign is the suffix -ya (wash, return).

Returning verbs. Features

Returning verbs are studied in the school curriculum, as well as transitive verbs (Grade 6).

The return verb denotes an action directed to itself. It is formed with the help of a particle (postfix) -sya (-s).

We can distinguish such basic features of these verbs:

• First, they can resemble both transitive verbs (dress - dress) and intransitive (knock - knock). But all the same, returnable (transitive verbs after adding postfix -s (-s)) in any case become intransitive (dress-dress).
• Secondly, these postfixes are added: -yas - after consonants (wash, wash, wash), -you - after vowels (dressed, dressed). It is worth noting that the sacraments are always written with the postfix-tsya (dressing, washing).
• Thirdly, recurrent verbs are formed in three ways: suffix-postfix - adding suffix and postfix to the basis (re + vii), prefix-postfix (to + drink), postfix (wash + xia).

Formation of derivatives on-ya and passive participles

Since the main morphological properties of transitive verbs - the formation of derivatives on-ya and passive participles, which is uncharacteristic of intransitive verbs, we will get acquainted with this process in more detail.

In most cases, the transitive verb is one that forms a passive participle or a tree with an ending-ya that can have a return (hurry), a passive meaning (create), a decausive (break).

Exceptions are verbs to add (in weight), cost, weigh, and most of the seedfactives to-come (pick). In addition, these verbs do not form passive and returnable derivatives.

But nevertheless, there are intransitive verbs that can form passive constructions. For example, the verb is expected. He has a passive from an intransitive construction with a complement in the genitive case: I expect the arrival of Basil - the arrival of Basil is expected.

Correlation of verb transitivity

Despite the fact that transitivity does not have a single formal expression, there are still tendencies that connect the category of transitivity with the formal properties of the verb, for example, with verbal prefixes:

• The overwhelming majority of irrecoverable verbs having the prefix of the times are transitional (blur, rastolkat). Exceptions are: verbs denoting movement with the suffix -va- / -iva- / -a- (waving, traveling); Verbs expressing spontaneous changes in the properties of the object, in particular those containing the suffix -no-, formed from intransitive verbs (get wet, melt, swell); Verbs containing thematic vowels -e-, which denote the change in properties (become fat, get rich); Including - to ring up, to change my mind.
• Almost all of the irrevocable verbs containing the prefix from-, are transitional (exceptions: to get wet, run out, to deign, and others).

Semantic properties of transitive verbs

The Russian language has a large class of direct additions. In addition to those that are significantly affected by the situation, the verb can have a direct complement that plays a different semantic role (for example, to see, to have, to create - nothing happens with these transitive verbs with the object, it is not destroyed, it does not change).

So it turns out that the opposition of transitivity should not be rigidly connected with the semantic class of the verb. This means that a transitive verb does not necessarily have to designate an agent-patient situation. But still you can note some trends.

So, the transitive verb is:

• The verb of destruction or destruction of the object (kill, smash);
• The verb of changing the shape of the object (wrinkle, squeeze);
• Verb conditioning of emotions (offend, anger, offend).

Semantic properties of intransitive verbs

Selecting the semantic properties of transitive verbs, you can determine the properties of all the rest, that is, intransitive:

• Verbs are single, not having additions, that is, characterizing the change in the patient's condition (a direct addition significantly affected by the situation), which was not caused by the agent. Or the case is possible when the agency plays an irrelevant role: to die, rot, fall, get wet.
• Double rooms with an indirect addition. That is, verbs of help (exception to support): to contribute, help, indulge, help.
• Verbs that are used with the object, an integral part of the agent of the verb (wiggling, moving, waving).
• Verbs of perception of a fictitious situation (rely on, expect, trust, hope for).

Non-canonical types of direct additions

More than once it has been said that the key property of transitive verbs is the ability to interact with a direct complement in the accusative case. But there are classes of verbs that are used not only with nouns and pronouns in the accusative case, but also with the word or the turn of another part of speech that is semantically identical to it to some extent. It can be:

• Proposal group (I scratched his ear);
• A genitive group (grandfather did not read this newspaper);
• Adverbial group (he drinks a lot, I decided so);
• The sentimental actant (infinitive turn-I like to go to the theater, the subordinate clause used together with the union-or something-I realized that he will go to sea, the subordinate clause with the union-when I do not like it when it rains).

Some of the listed constructions can not only replace the direct complement used for transitive verbs, but also be used to express a similar function with intransitive verbs. Namely:

• Infinitive turns (he is afraid to go to the forest at night);
• Subordinate clauses in conjunction with the unions, so that (she was angry that he did not come, he prayed that she would come);
• Subordinate clauses together with the union-when (I do not like when the doors are closed);
• Genitive case (she avoids these guys);
• Construction with a lot (Alina sleeps a lot).

The analogues of the above additions in the accusative case have prototype properties of direct additions to varying degrees.

Let's sum up the results

Despite the fact that this topic is one of the hardest, we were able to determine what the transitive verb means. And also learned to distinguish it from intransitive and allocate among the latter the latter. And in order to prove this, let's give an example of word combinations with transitive verbs, with intransitive and recurrent ones:

• Transitional: paint the walls, treat the patient, read a book, sew a suit, expand a sleeve, buy tea, drink water, has no right, swing a child;
• Intransitive: walk the streets, believe in good, walk in the park, exhaust from fatigue;
• Return: achieve the goal, disagree, approach each other, obey the boss, think about being, vouch for his brother, touch on the issue.