The poisonous mushroom galley is fringed. Features

Experienced mushroom pickers bypass the far side of the mushroom appearing in our forests by the end of summer, called the "fringed galley," which is classified as poisonous.

general description

Galerins are small in size soil and tree saprophytes of the family Cortinariaceae. The main signs are yellowish-brown hats with attached plates and a brown spore powder. The definition of species is sometimes difficult, because these signs are not so obvious. In total there are up to several hundred types of galleries. In different sources, these data are different, so it is difficult to speak about the exact number. Significant adjustments have been made as a result of ongoing genetic studies of mushrooms belonging to this genus. Among them, extremely poisonous is the fringed galley, whose photo and description are presented in this article.

Appearance

A small hat with a diameter of no more than 4 cm has a conical shape at the stage of growth, and at maturity it becomes convex-spread, sometimes even flat. In the center there is usually a small tubercle. The edges of the cap are slightly arched, slightly translucent. At high humidity, the matte smooth surface is covered with sticky mucus. Frequent platelets in young fungus can be covered with white fibrous film.

The color of the cap largely depends on the humidity. In wet weather, it has a fairly bright reddish, brownish or yellowish-brown color. Through the lighter, almost translucent edges can be seen strips of plates. In the dry period, the fringed galley acquires a faint pale yellow color.

Cylindrical thin foot of this fungus with a thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 cm can have a height of up to 5-7 cm. Its upper part is lighter, has white sputtering, and the lower one - is darker, eventually becomes almost brown. On the leg is a leathery, slightly raised ring, which disappears with age. Spores are a fine brownish-rusty powder.

Habitat

Mushroom fringe is bordered almost everywhere, most often found in Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, North America, Russia and even Australia.

It dwells mainly in swampy and forest areas. As a rule, it grows on decaying wood of coniferous or deciduous species, near trunks, on stumps, and occasionally occurs on mossy soil. Nutrients mushroom receives through the decay of organic matter. Dissolution of polysaccharides occurs due to the secreted enzymes of most major classes.

Usually there is a galley fringed already in June, but the mass yield of these fungi occurs from August to October, and with a prolonged warm autumn, you can meet them in November. Grow more often solitary. Fruiting usually begins in September and lasts until November.

Microscopy

A highly variable species is the fringed galley. Photos taken with a microscope confirm the fact that the spores of this fungus are the most diverse. There are variants and with a grown-up perisporium, and with almost completely free, with a pronounced to varying degrees sometimes or with its absence.

Spores are almond-shaped, wrinkled, 7-10 x 5.5-7. Pleurocystides have a spindle-shaped shape, their neck on the apex slightly rounded.

Toxicity

Galerina bordered - a very poisonous fungus, containing the same toxins, which includes a pale toadstool. Its toxicity has been known for over 100 years, beginning in 1912, when the first deadly case was registered in the USA. Then the reports of poisonings by the gallery with a fatal outcome appeared repeatedly. Only in the period from 1978 to 1995 there were 11 cases of serious poisoning, 5 of which resulted in death. The remaining six patients in the states of Michigan, Kansas and Ohio have successfully undergone a course of therapy.

Signs of poisoning are not immediately apparent, and a day after eating mushrooms in food. The first symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, profuse urination and chills. After 3 days, these symptoms fade, there is a period of apparent improvement in the condition. But soon there are signs of jaundice, and a person dies as a result of impaired liver function. Often taken for another mushroom, gets into the food galley fringed. How to distinguish it, so as not to become another victim, you can learn from this article.

The toxicity of the fungus is due to the presence in it of toxins of alpha and beta-amantins. These are bicyclic peptides, very poisonous, but slow-acting. Freshly, the content of amafoxins is 78-270 μg per gram of fruit body, which is much higher than in the pale toadstool that grows on the territory of Europe. This concentration is capable of killing a child weighing 20 kg when using a dozen mushrooms of medium size.

Galenina fringed - how to distinguish from honey

The greatest similarity of the poisonous gallerina has a summer overturn. It is with him most often confused by her beginner mushroom pickers. To avoid misunderstandings, you need to know the characteristics of the appearance of each of these fungi and to exercise maximum vigilance when collecting them. One should never look for honey agarics in a coniferous forest - they do not grow there, but for a galerina this is a favorite habitat. It grows usually singly or in small clusters. Honey mushrooms, as a rule, are located in large groups. In addition, they have a pronounced ring on the leg, which is absent from the poisonous fungus.

At the slightest doubt regarding the found mushrooms it is better to leave them in the forest and not expose themselves to death risk.